中国中东部地区地表水环境锶元素地球化学特征研究

水环境中锶的含量及其变化、地理分布及其控制因素等特征的研究有助于认识区域水文地球化学特征及流域盆地岩石风化速率等地球化学行为,因此河流环境中锶的地球化学行为是地球化学研究的重要课题之一。对我国中东部地区部分河流水体中溶解态锶含量进行了分析研究发现,与世界上主要河流溶解态锶含量平均值0.078 mg/L相比,中国中东部地区河水中的锶含量(0.139 mg/L)明显偏高。分析研究表明,中国中东部地区河水中的锶主要源于蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化作用,流域锶含量从南向北逐渐增加的现象主要受流域岩石或沉积物类型的控制,化学风化作用越强烈,河流锶含量越高。除了受区域岩性的影响外,气候条件对流域河水中的锶含量水平及地理分布起到一定的控制作用。     

湖北丹江口水库主要离子化学季节变化及离子来源分析

2004～2006年对丹江口水库中的5个点位水质的 t 、pH、EC、TDS、ORP、SO^2-₄、Cl^-、NO^-₃、HCO^-₃、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺和Si进行了测定.综合运用方差分析及主成分分析对它们的季节变化及其来源进行了研究.结果表明,丹江口库区水体呈弱碱性,属于弱矿化度水,水质类型为HCO^-₃-Ca型水.主要阴、阳离子浓度范围为：Cl^-,（4.0±0.5～6.9±1.8）mg·L^-1;NO^-₃,（4.6±0.9～6.8±1.7）mg·L^-1;SO^2-₄,（24.3±2.7～35.4±6.9） mg·L^-1;HCO^-₃,（133.0±11.7～153.5±29.6）mg·L^-1;Na⁺,（2.0±0.3～5.3±1.0）mg·L^-1;K⁺,（0.7±0.09～1.6±0.7） mg·L^-1;Ca²⁺,（33.0±2.1～46.6±0.8）mg·L^-1;Mg²⁺,（8.0±2.5～10.5±3.2）mg·L^-1.方差分析显示除HCO^-₃和Si外,t、pH、EC、TDS、ORP、SO^2-₄、Cl^-、NO^-₃、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺都表现出了显著的季节性差异,主要离子化学汛期浓度均小于对应的非汛期浓度.Na⁺和Mg²⁺的浓度只表现出秋汛<秋季,NO^-₃和SO^2-₄浓度却呈现出秋汛>秋季,这主要归因于降雨的大气沉降对水化学的贡献不同.HCO^-₃占主要阴离子的75%～88%,Ca²⁺和碱土金属分别占主要阳离子的60%～80%和87%～96%,表明碳酸盐岩风化是水体质子的主要来源及主要化学风化类型.参照我国及世界卫生组织饮用水标准,主要离子的浓度并未对人体产生危害.     

太湖上游水环境对植物分布格局的影响机制

对北太湖上游流域的苏南第二大湖泊滆湖及其入太湖的主要河流(太滆运河与漕桥河)的水质和水生植被开展调查、评价与环境生态学研究。调查结果表明所有样点水质均超富营养化,尤以太滆运河与漕桥河的水体污染为甚。通过PCA综合评价,河流绝大多数河段已是Ⅳ类水体,滆湖也已呈Ⅲ类水体。对水生植物类群调查而言,调查发现太隔运河和漕桥河中上游河段水生植物多样性指数均很小,凤眼莲、芦苇和菰为优势种,沉水植被分布很少,群落退化严重,耐污种篦齿眼子菜和水盾草占优势;在湖泊中心区,沉水植物已完全退化。聚类分析发现所调查的植物可分为3大类群。PCO和CCA分别表明河流与湖泊所在的样点间的水体理化性状出现很明显的分离;该流域水体中不同形态N、P含量或底泥N、P含量主要影响水生植物种类组成和分布。     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎致毒效应研究

采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试方法,研究了PFOA/PFOS对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生命早期阶段生长发育的影响.结果表明,PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼有明显毒性作用,LC₅₀(48 h)分别为1005 mg/L和107 mg/L,LC₅₀(96　h)分别为499 mg/L和71 mg/L.PFOS/PFOA抑制斑马鱼胚胎发育,可导致胚胎发育畸形,甚至死亡,高浓度(＞240 mg/L)PFOS损伤细胞膜,导致胚胎分裂中的细胞发生自溶而卵凝结死亡,抑制胚胎原肠胚的形成.在各种亚致死效应中,脊柱畸形对PFOS暴露最敏感,其EC₅₀=9.14 mg/L,PFOA暴露最敏感亚致死性毒理学终点为96　h孵化,对应EC₅₀=328.0 mg/L.PFOA/PFOS导致胚胎发育延迟,具有发育毒性.     

2种水生植物根际溶液磷素时空变异及有机酸分泌

利用根际土壤溶液的原位抽提和微量样品分析技术,比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和香蒲(Typhalatifolia)2种水生植物根际土壤溶液磷素含量的时空变异和根系分泌有机酸种类及数量的差异,从植物吸收磷素、根系分泌有机酸和根际土壤pH值变化等角度探讨了植物磷素高效净化的根际调控机制.结果表明,2种水生植物的根际溶液磷素含量均明显低于非根际溶液;喜旱莲子草的根际溶液磷酸根离子质量浓度(2.53 mg.L-1)显著低于香蒲的根际溶液(5.43mg.L-1)(p<0.05),且喜旱莲子草根系对土壤溶液磷酸根的影响范围大于香蒲.与香蒲相比,喜旱莲子草分泌了较多的苹果酸(浓度27.33μmol.L-1),在活化土壤磷素、促进根系对磷素的吸收方面起了更大的作用.喜旱莲子草吸收磷素的根际效应强于香蒲.     

滇池大清河河口二维水环境模型研究与应用

以滇池大清河河口为对象,根据其水动力特征,建立了二维水环境模型.其中水动力模块采用交替方向迭代法进行数值求解,水质模块中参数的取值通过2006年和2007年现场原位实验和实验室模拟实验获得,并利用2007年的实际监测数据对模型进行率定和验证.运用率定的模型,模拟了生态修复工程实施后大清河人湖控制断面的水质变化情况,以期为治理方案的优化和效果评价提供参考.     

改性龙须眼子菜吸附水溶液中Cu2+的性能

采用批式实验法对改性龙须眼子菜吸附溶液中Cu2+的吸附动力学过程及吸附平衡进行了研究,考察了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂用量、温度等对改性龙须眼子莱吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学过程可以用准二级动力学方程进行拟合,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型而不符合Freundlich模型.吸附实验的优化条件为:溶液初始pH值为4.0～5.6,溶液初始Cu2+浓度与吸附剂用量比值为10～25 mg·g-1,吸附时间为30～45 min,吸附温度为20-30℃.龙须眼子菜经甲醇改性后对Cu2+的吸附性能有了很大程度的提高;在改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+的过程中,存在离子交换作用,但不占主导地位;改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+主要依靠醇、酚类中的O-H基团,酰胺类中的C=O、N-H与C-N基团,砜类中的S=O基团与Cu2+的配位作用.     

Management and Limnology Interact to Drive Water Temperature Patterns in a Middle Rockies River‐Reservoir System

This study seeks to improve understanding of temperature patterns in reservoir outflows. We examined water temperatures in an irrigation storage reservoir, Island Park Reservoir, and its outflow, Henry’s Fork of the Snake River in eastern Idaho. Our objectives were to (1) quantify the extent to which daily temperature ranges in the reservoir outflow deviated from other reaches of the Henry’s Fork, and (2) test whether the reservoir’s net volume change during the summer — expressed as the volume of water remaining in the reservoir on September 1 — predicted mean summer temperature in the outflow. Two years of temperature data showed dampened diel temperature cycles in the reservoir outflow. Model selection with 17 years of climatic, hydrologic, and reservoir management variables found mean summer temperature in the outflow was best predicted by September 1 reservoir volume and average summer air temperature. Two years of weekly reservoir thermal profiles indicated large changes in reservoir volume eliminated cool hypolimnetic water and encouraged mixing, allowing warm epilimnetic water to be discharged into the outflow. Increases in future drought frequency and severity and increases in summer air temperatures could increase the frequency of occurrence of high mean summertime water temperatures in the outflow. Our study provides important information for local managers by quantifying influences on outflow temperatures and the downstream river ecosystem.     

Habitat Improvements and Fish Community Response Associated with an Agricultural Two‐Stage Ditch in Mower County,Minnesota

Water quality and stream habitat in agricultural watersheds are under greater scrutiny as hydrologic pathways are altered to increase crop production. Ditches have been traditionally constructed to remove water from agricultural lands. Little attention has been placed on alternative ditch designs that are more stable and provide greater habitat diversity for wildlife and aquatic species. In 2009, 1.89 km of a conventional drainage ditch in Mower County, Minnesota, was converted to a two‐stage ditch (TSD) with small, adjacent floodplains to mimic a natural system. Cross section surveys, conducted pre‐ and post‐construction, generally indicate a stable channel with minor adjustments over time. Vegetation surveys showed differences in species composition and biomass between the slopes and the benches, with changes ongoing. Longitudinal surveys demonstrated a 12‐fold increase in depth variability. Fish habitat quality improved with well‐sorted gravel riffles and deeper pool habitat. The biological response to improved habitat quality was investigated using a Fish Index of Biological Integrity (FIBI). Our results show higher FIBI scores post‐construction with scores more similar to natural streams. In summary, the TSD demonstrated improvements in riparian and instream habitat quality and fish communities, which showed greater fish species richness, higher percentages of gravel spawning fish, and better FIBI scores. This type of management tool could benefit ditches in other regions where gradient and geology allow.