“十一五”期间黑龙江省环境空气中可吸入颗粒物变化趋势及影响

随着经济的快速发展和物质生活的日益提高,维护生态环境和提高环境质量越来越成为社会的迫切需要。已有研究成果表明,大气中的可吸入颗粒物对人体健康和生态环境有很大的影响。在中国空气质量超标的城市中,68%都存在可吸入颗粒物污染的问题。本文通过对"十一五"期间黑龙江省环境空气中可吸入颗粒物监测数据实证分析,总结了近五年全省环境空气中可吸入颗粒物变化趋势,研究了可吸入颗粒物浓度变化对环境空气质量的影响。     

上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物网格化监测

目的深入研究大气网格化监测的实际应用。方法利用2017—2018年上海市嘉定区大气网格化监测数据,对嘉定区颗粒物浓度变化趋势进行分析,同时结合颗粒物激光雷达扫描数据,对颗粒物污染过程进行解析。结果颗粒物污染浓度水平较高的区域主要集中在嘉定北部地区。2017年PM10和PM2.5浓度均表现出冬季>春季>夏季>秋季的趋势。在东北偏北风向条件下,发生区域传输污染时,污染较重区域集中在嘉定的东部和中部;在风速较小的静稳条件下,企业夜间排放的大量废气极易对周边区域空气质量产生影响,夜间到次日凌晨浓度值不断升高,次日凌晨5时45分的PM2.5的浓度值为前一日20时浓度值的3.1倍。结论大气网格化监测的实施及配套大气减排监管工作开展,使嘉定区环境质量改善明显。     

太原煤化工区有毒气体泄漏环境风险分析

针对太原煤化工区氯气、氨气和光气这3种泄漏风险最高的有毒气体的事故条件,采用非定常的CALPUFF大气扩散模式进行了一整年的事故扩散模拟.获得逐时次事故扩散浓度场并分析3种污染物泄漏的全年平均风险及各季变化.结果定量描述了氯气、氨气和光气的致死浓度、中毒浓度和刺激浓度的全年及各季平均风险范围,并分析了不同有毒气体风险范围的差异及四季变化的原因.     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

夏秋季北京及河北三城市的大气污染联合观测研究

为评估北京西南方向城市群对北京大气污染的影响,于2009年夏秋季节（2009年7月16日～10月15日）,利用自动在线大气环境观测仪器,对北京及太行山东侧河北省的3个城市涿州、保定和石家庄进行了大气污染物PM10、NOx和O3的联合观测研究.结果表明,夏秋季节4个城市的首要污染物均为可吸入颗粒物（PM10）,平均质量浓...     

Impacts of continuously regenerating trap and particle oxidation catalyst on the NO2 and particulate matter emissions emitted from diesel engine

Two continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) with different configurations and one particles oxidation catalyst (POC) were employed to perform experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate their effects on NO₂, smoke and particle number emissions. The results showed that the application of the after-treatments increased the emission ratios of NO₂/NO_x significantly. The results of smoke emissions and particle number (PN) emissions indicated that both CRDPFs had sufficient capacity to remove more than 90% of total particulate matter (PM) and more than 97% of solid particles. However, the POC was able to remove the organic components of total PM, and only partially to remove the carbonaceous particles with size less than 30 nm. The negligible effects of POC on larger particles were observed due to its honeycomb structure leads to an inadequate residence time to oxidize the solid particles or trap them. The particles removal efficiencies of CRDPFs had high degree of correlations with the emission ratio of NO₂/NO_x. The PN emission results from two CRDPFs indicated that more NO₂ generating in diesel oxidation catalyst section could obtain the higher removal efficiency of solid particles. However this also increased the risk of NO₂ exposure in atmosphere.     

柳州市空气可吸入颗粒物中重金属污染特征分析

用TEOM 1405大气颗粒物监测仪于2011年2—6月在柳州市3个空气质量监测点进行了PM10的监测,样品用AAS进行重金属元素分析,得到了空气PM10中的重金属元素的浓度。研究结果表明,九中点位污染最大,市监测站次之,三门江相对较好。     

黑龙江甘南县大气降尘重金属元素沉降通量及来源分析

从2009年3月到2010年3月,采用被动式同时采集了黑龙江甘南县17个点的大气降尘样品,分析了Cd、Hg、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn九种元素的含量,对重金属元素沉降通量进行了计算和分析,并利用富集因子分析和相关性分析的方法对元素来源做了解析。研究表明：降尘中重金属元素Mn的年沉降通量数据值较高,均值为7...     

碳同位素比技术定量估算城市大气CO2的来源

要有效地减少城市碳排放和正确地判断城市现有减排措施的有效性就必须准确地确定城市大气CO2的来源.由于碳同位素比从污染源到受体的传输过程中同位素分馏现象不明显,本研究建立了一套基于碳同位素比技术定量估算城市大气CO2来源的方法,并用该方法初步定量分析了上海市嘉定区大气CO2中来自燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质贡献的时空分布.上海市嘉定区大气CO2的上述3种来源中,生物质的贡献最大.燃煤的贡献在夜间(00:00、04:00和20:00)多于白天(08:00、12:00和16:00),且随高度的升高而增大;机动车尾气的贡献则随高度的升高而降低.大气CO2浓度时空分布特征体现了上海市郊嘉定区大气CO2的排放特征和各来源的传输特性.     

长江三角洲地区秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放清单及其在空气质量模式中的应用

基于长江三角洲江苏、安徽、浙江和上海地区2008年粮食产量的统计年鉴,结合作物谷草比、排放因子等估算了上述地区2008年秸秆焚烧排放污染物清单,重点完善了各县级市污染物排放.结果表明2008年江苏、安徽、浙江和上海地区SO2、NOx、CO、CO2、PM2.5、BC、OC、NH3、CH4、NMVOC的排放总量分别为14.28、86.01、1 744.56、36 893.03、517.54、11.74、114.63、19.93、89.37和208.57 kt.江苏中部和北部、安徽北部地区秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放较多,而江苏南部和浙江地区污染物排放量较少.将建立的秸秆露天焚烧排放污染物清单应用于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模式,结果表明,考虑秸秆焚烧排放源后,对PM10、CO等大气污染物的模拟能力大幅提高,模拟浓度比使用原始排放源分别提高42%和28%,模拟浓度与实测浓度的相关系数分别提高0.25和0.17,模拟值较使用原始排放源更加贴近实测值.