Combined biologic aerated filter and sulfur/ceramisite autotrophic denitrification for advanced wastewater nitrogen removal at low temperatures

An innovative advanced wastewater treatment process combining biologic aerated filter （BAF） and sulfur/ ceramisite-based autotrophic denitrification （SCAD） for reliable removal of nitrogen was proposed in this paper. In SCAD reactor, ceramisite was used as filter and Ca （HCO3）2 was used for supplying alkalinity and carbon source. The BAF-SCAD was used to treat the secondary treatment effluent. The performance of this process was investigated, and the impact of temperature on nitrogen removal was studied. Results showed that the combined system was effective in nitrogen removal even at low temperatures （8℃）. Removal of total nitrogen （TN）, NH4＋ -N, NO3-N reached above 90% at room temperature. Nitrification was affected by the temperature and nitrification at low temperature （8℃） was a limiting factor for TN removal. However, denitrification was not impacted by the temperature and the removal of NO3 -N maintained 98% during the experimental period. The reason of effective denitrification at low temperature might be the use of easily dissolved Ca（HCO3）2 and high-flux ceramisite, which solved the problem of low mass transfer efficiency at low temperatures. Besides, vast surface area of sulfur with diameter of 2-6 mm enhanced the rate of microbial utilization. The removal of nitrate companied with the production of SO42-, and the average concentration of SO27 was about 240mg.L^-1. These findings would be beneficial for the application of this process to nitrogen removal especially in the winter and cold regions.     

厌氧膜生物反应器耦联部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化用于污水处理研究

本研究构建了厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）-部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化（PN/Anammox）污水处理工艺,以探究AnMBR-PN/A工艺处理效果最佳的水力停留时间（HRT）.AnMBR将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合实现有机物去除,AnMBR出水NH₄⁺-N通过PN部分转化为NO₂^--N,最终通过NO₂^--N氧化剩余NH₄⁺-N去除.实验结果表明：在HRT=11.2 h时,AnMBR-PN/A工艺化学需氧量（COD）去除率稳定在97%以上,COD转化为CH₄效率超过77.5%,总氮（TN）去除率为78%,出水COD和TN浓度分别低于14和11 mg·L^-1.AnMBR段COD去除率达到95%,平均甲烷产率为0.39 L·L^-1·d^-1.PN段实现了NO₂^--N的高效积累,其出水中NO₂^-/NH₄⁺为0.91±0.11.Anammox段出水中的NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度分别低于1.0、4.9和5.1 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果表明PN段氨氧化菌主要为Nitrosomonas,丰度为7.09%,Anammox段主要微生物为Candidatus Brocadia,丰度高达21.01%.本研究构建的AnMBR-PN/A工艺实现了污水处理过程的高效能源回收和深度自养脱氮,研究成果为工程应用提供了理论支撑.     

SBR反应器内短程硝化系统快速启动及影响因素研究

探讨了采用序批式反应器(SBR)快速启动自养短程硝化系统的方法,研究了溶解氧(DO)、pH、温度、外加有机碳源对自养短程消化系统的影响。以硝化污泥接种反应器(SBR),在纯自养条件下利用高浓度溶解氧1.0～1.6mg/L和中温(35±1)℃达到亚硝酸氮的快速积累。结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为280～300mg/L,HRT为12h,控制pH值为7.5～8.5、温度在(28±1)℃、溶解氧浓度为0.8～1.2mg/L条件下,氨氮去除率达到90%以上,亚硝酸氮积累率高达95%。试验证明投加有机碳源(COD)50mg/L左右时,不会对短程硝化系统产生影响,且能实现较高氨氮去除率和稳定的亚硝酸氮积累率。     

Bio-reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor(MBfR) using H2 as electron donor was investigated to remove nitrate from groundwater.When nitrate was first introduced to the MBfR,denitrification took place on the shell side of the membranes immediately,and the effluent concentration of nitrate continuously decreased with 100% removal rate on day 45 under the influent nitrate concentration of 5 mg NO3--N/L,which described the acclimating and enriching process of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification bacteria.A series of short-term experiments were applied to investigate the effects of hydrogen pressures and nitrate loadings on denitrification.The results showed that nitrate reduction rate improved as H2 pressure increasing,and over 97% of total nitrogen removal rate was achieved when the nitrate loading increased from 0.17 to 0.34 g NO3--N/(m2 ·day) without nitrite accumulation.The maximum denitrification rate was 384 g N/(m3 ·day).Partial sulfate reduction,which occurred in parallel to nitrate reduction,was inhibited by denitrififcation due to the competition for H2 .This research showed that MBfR is effective for removing nitrate from the contaminated groundwater.     

碳氮比对颗粒污泥CANON反应器脱氮性能和N2O释放的冲击影响

本文以无机氨氮废水为进水,乙酸钠为有机碳源,研究颗粒污泥CANON反应器中不同C/N水质条件下,反应器内的脱氮性能和N_2O释放情况,为探索合适的C/N比在高效脱氮的同时实现N_2O释放减量化提供理论依据.结果表明,C/N在0～2. 0范围内,随C/N的提高,TN去除率和去除负荷基本呈现逐渐升高的趋势,C/N=0时TN在7h内去除量为56. 50mg·L~(-1),去除率达到49. 00%,C/N=2. 0时,TN在7h内去除量最高为71. 42 mg·L~(-1),TN去除率最高为59. 52%,但是其中CANON对于脱氮的贡献逐渐下降,反硝化作用对于系统脱氮的贡献逐渐上升.当C/N=2. 0时,ΔNO_3~--N/ΔTN=0. 086,CANON对于系统脱氮的贡献仅为51. 48%,反硝化对系统脱氮的贡献为48. 52%. C/N在0～2. 0范围内,N_2O释放量和释放比例随进水C/N增加而降低,C/N=0时,N_2O释放量和释放比例最高,分别为3. 60 mg和2. 13%; C/N=2. 0时N_2O释放量和释放比例最低且分别为1. 61 mg和0. 75%.     

采用含硫铁化学污泥作为反硝化电子供体进行焦化废水中总氮深度去除

城市污水处理和大部分的工业废水处理工艺的出水总氮普遍难以达标排放,基于进水水质的C/N值不稳定、提高回流比造成水力负荷增大、降低反应动力学并且耗能、投加有机碳源带来二次污染以及高污泥产率等问题,急需寻求一种节能降耗、操作简单的深度脱氮方法.对此,利用含硫工业废水预处理产生的含硫铁化学污泥作为固相电子供体进行自养反硝化深度脱氮,实验过程中,以焦化废水二级生物出水作为研究对象,考察脱氮性能、硫铁泥转变过程及微生物群落变化,求出废水深度脱氮新工艺的优化反应条件与效果范围.当进水NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N浓度分别是(74.54±0.57)mg·L~(-1)、(1.11±0.19)mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为18 h时,对应出水浓度分别降低至(2.78±1.08)mg·L~(-1)、(2.87±0.71)mg·L~(-1);TON(NO_3~--N+NO_2~--N)去除率高达90.0%;NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N累积速率分别为12.06 mmol·(L·d)-1、7.74 mmol·(L·d)-1.结果表明,以副产物化学硫铁泥作为电子供体深度脱氮有潜在的工程应用价值,以水处理工艺过程中原位利用废物,解决部分富硫铁化学污泥后续处理问题,表现出资源化利用的综合特征.     

OLAND生物脱氮系统运行及其硝化菌群的分子生物学检测

采用两阶段限氧自养硝化 -反硝化生物脱氮系统 (oxygen limitedautotrophicnitrificationanddenitrificationsystem ,以下简称OLAND)处理高氨氮、低COD的废水 .应用内浸式多聚醚砜中空膜 ,实现了污泥的完全截留 ,阻止了生物量的大量洗脱 ,并通过控制溶氧在 0 .1～ 0 .3mgL-1之间 ,实现了硝化阶段出水中氨氮与亚硝态氮浓度的比例达到最适值〔1 (1.2± 0 .2 )〕 ,从而为第二阶段的厌氧氨氧化提供理想的进水 ,进而获得较高的脱氮率 .同时应用荧光原位杂交技术对硝化阶段不同时期硝化菌群的变化进行分子生物学检测 ,揭示了随溶氧浓度的降低 ,氨氧化菌的数量基本保持恒定、亚硝酸氧化菌的数量略有减少的变化规律 ,并且发现 ,在两阶段限氧自养硝化 -反硝化生物脱氮系统中氨氮的氧化主要是由Nitrosomonassp .完成 ,亚硝酸的氧化主要由Nitrobactersp .完成 .图 4表 2参 2 2     

Monitoring requirements for groundwaters under the influence of reclaimed water

Monitoring groundwaters under the influence of reclaimedwater must consider the major constituents of concern inreclaimed water. This research focused on the fate ofdissolved organic carbon and nitrogen species at field siteslocated throughout the Southwestern United States. Awatershed approach was developed to predict the fate ofdissolved organic carbon as a function of the drinking waterdissolved organic carbon concentration and the totaldissolved solids concentration in the reclaimed water. Extensive characterization of the dissolved organic carbonrecovered from groundwaters under the influence of reclaimedwater was done. With the exception of fluorescencespectroscopy, the dissolved organic carbon present ineffluent organic matter was similar in structure, characterand reactivity as compared to natural organic matter. Evidence for sustainable nitrogen removal mechanisms duringgroundwater recharge with reclaimed water was obtained. Theautotrophic reaction between ammonia and nitrate appears to amechanism for the removal nitrogen in a carbon-depletedenvironment. The monitoring tools and methodologiesdeveloped in this research can be used to assure protectionof public health and determine the sustainability of indirectpotable reuse projects.     

氢自养还原菌同步去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3-

本实验研究了序批式条件下Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-浓度、pH值和H₂含量对于氢自养还原菌同步去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的性能及微生物群落的影响.结果表明：系统中存在氢气时,正常活性的氢自养还原菌可实现Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度不高于2000 μg/L时,Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的还原速率及氢自养还原菌的活性不会受到Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度的影响;作为一种优先电子受体,NO₃^-会与Cr（Ⅵ）争夺电子,降低Cr（Ⅵ）的还原速率;氢自养还原菌同步还原Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的最佳pH值为7.0左右,酸性或碱性环境都会抑制Cr（Ⅵ）还原,且NO₂^-会随着pH值的升高逐渐积累;作为电子供体,H₂是还原Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的必要条件,但H₂足量后,过量提供H₂不能提高Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的还原速率.     

稻田土壤固碳功能微生物群落结构和数量特征

研究不同类型稻田土壤自养微生物数量和多样性差异及其影响因子,对全面认识稻田生态系统的固碳潜力及其机制具有重要意义.鉴于此,本文选取4种典型稻田土壤,通过室内培养实验对具备卡尔文循环途径碳同化微生物进行了研究.利用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)、克隆文库以及末端限制性长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术,研究了卡尔文循环关键酶(1,5二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶Rubis CO)的2种编码基因(cbbL和cbbM)的丰度和多样性.结果表明,与培养前相比,培养45 d后碳同化自养微生物数量有所增加,cbbL基因丰度比cbbM基因高3个数量级.不同稻田土壤中碳同化功能微生物优势种群存在差异,且这些微生物大多不能归类到已知的细菌类群中,部分可归类的与变形菌和放线菌有较高相似度.RDA分析结果显示土壤有机碳(SOC)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH、黏粒、粉粒和砂粒含量对碳同化功能微生物群落结构有显著影响.本文的研究结果对于理解微生物在碳循环过程中的作用具有一定的科学意义,也可以为稻田土壤肥力科学化管理和构建低碳农业提供科学依据.