北京PM2.5背景值定值方法及其变化特征研究

通过气团识别方式,确定了较强气团判别指标,定量评估了较强气团对北京上甸子区域大气本底站PM2.5浓度影响.结果显示,偏北风过程中PM2.5的背景值介于10.3~13.5μg/m3,平均值为(11.7±1.3)μg/m3;偏南风过程中PM2.5的背景值介于60.2~92.6μg/m3,平均值为(76.2±12.8)μg/m3.偏北风过程中,PM2.5背景值变化趋势不明显;偏南风过程中,PM2.5背景浓度呈线性下降趋势,下降速率为5.5μg/(m3×a).2009~2012年期间,区域本底站观测到的PM2.5年均值变化不大,这与北京地区的局地产生的二次PM2.5逐步增大有关,在一定程度上抵消了区域背景值下降的影响.当出现系统性偏南风时,北京以南区域输送对北京当地PM2.5浓度增加的平均贡献接近60%,但是自2009年开始逐步下降,截止2012年该贡献降低到44%.     

我国土壤中稀土元素背景值特征

本文报道了中国土壤15个稀土元素的背景含量、共生组合关系及稀土元素的分异系数和分布模式,讨论了41种土类,35个省市行政区域土壤稀土元素背景含量的差异及其原因.     

Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe

Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C₇F₁₄, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C₆F₁₂, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C₈F₁₆, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3 fl ℓ^-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33 fl ℓ^-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8 fl ℓ^-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.     

京津冀与长三角地区氢氯氟碳化物本底特征

基于北京上甸子与浙江临安区域大气本底站2011—2019年氢氯氟碳化物(HCFCs)采样观测数据,开展了京津冀与长三角地区6种HCFCs(HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b、HCFC-124、HCFC-132b和HCFC-133a)本底特征研究。研究结果表明:临安站HCFCs浓度水平和浓度变率比上甸子站明显更高,尤其是HCFC-133a,其浓度及浓度变率均比上甸子站高1个量级,表明长三角地区HCFCs排放量可能较京津冀地区更大。2个站点HCFCs本底浓度基本一致,差异范围为-6.1%~7.1%。上甸子站本底数据占比为26.4%~69.0%,而临安站本底数据占比不足23%。在《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》的约束下,2个站点多数HCFCs年均浓度呈下降趋势或变化较小。2个站点HCFC-132b浓度相对较低,但2019年相比2018年有明显升高。结合风向进行分析,发现上甸子站HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b和HCFC-132b高浓度水平主要由西南扇区(北京城区方向)的WSW、SSW及SW方向贡献,而HCFC-124和HCFC-133a在各风向上的浓度和载荷差异较小。临安站HCFC-124高浓度水平主要由SSE和NNE方向贡献,分别对应金华和湖州方向;其他5种HCFCs的高浓度水平主要由东北扇区的ENE方向贡献,对应杭州城区方向。     

北京市土壤重金属含量背景值的系统研究

在大规模、系统取样布点的基础上,从803个土壤样品中选出其中120个的"清洁"土壤样品,分析统计后提出了北京市土壤重金属的背景值.研究结果表明,北京市土壤As含量的背景值为7.09 mg/kg、Cd为0.119 mg/kg、Cr为29.8 mg/kg、Cu为18.7 mg/kg、Ni为26.8 mg/kg、Pb为24.6 mg/kg、Zn为57.5 mg/kg.与以前研究中所提出的背景值相比,本研究新提出的土壤Cd背景值提高125%,Pb和Ni的背景值没有明显的差异,但是As、Cr、Cu、Zn的土壤背景值则降低19%～55%.     

Monitoring Of Vehicles Derived Particulates Using Magnetic Properties Of Leaves

Biomonitoring of vehicle-derived particulates is conducted by taking magnetic measurements of roadside tree leaves. Remanent magnetization (IRM_{300 mT}) of more than 400 Delbergia sissoo leaves was determined and IRM_{300 mT} normalized for the leaf area. The normalized 2-D magnetization as shown by results is dominantly controlled by the tree's distance to the road. The spatial and temporal variations of vehicle-derived particulates were mapped using magnetic analysis. 2D-magnetizations values were higher for leaves collected adjacent to major road sections than for those from village road suggesting vehicle emissions, rather than resuspended road dust, as the major cause of magnetic particles of roadside tree leaves. Vehicles derived particulates are responsible for tree leaf magnetism, and the leaf magnetizations values fall significantly from high values proximal to the roadside to lower values at the distal side. This suggests the ability of trees to reduce particulates concentrations in the atmosphere. The rainfall produces a net decrease in the leaf magnetic dust loadings.     

中国东南部中生代陆内岩浆作用的动力学背景

根据叠置在华夏和扬子陆块的中生代岩浆岩的时代、岩石系列和岩石组合以及Sr、Nd同位素特征，分析中生代岩浆作用特提斯陆内俯冲和碰撞—古太平洋俯冲走滑的动力学背景。在230－150Ma间，特提斯构造域的影响是华北与扬子陆块的水平碰撞缩短，华夏西南部是离散陆块的陆内俯冲，其结果在华夏陆块形成大规模高Isr低εNd（t）的S型花岗岩。145－90Ma间，在特提斯构造域深部构造效应的基础上叠加了古太平洋的俯冲走滑，结果在中下扬子区形成高钾富碱钙碱性系列和橄榄安粗岩系列火山一侵入杂岩，在华夏陆块形成高钾钙碱性系列和双峰式火山—侵入杂岩。两陆块内A型花岗岩类的形成（＜92Ma），标志中生代陆内造山岩浆作用的结束。     

金沙江水系稀土元素环境背景值和地球化学特征

采用化学分离富集－等离子发射光谱法测定籽金沙水系江水和沉积物中１５个稀土元素（Ｌａ，Ｃｅ，Ｐｒ，Ｎｄ，Ｓｍ，Ｅｕ，Ｇｄ，Ｔｂ，Ｄｙ，Ｅｒ，Ｔｍ，Ｙｂ，Ｉｕ，Ｓｃ和Ｙ）的含量，提供了金沙江水系江水和沉积物稀土元素环境背景值，结果表明，金沙江水系稀土元素分布模式呈负斜率，肴呈负异常，水系沉积物∑Ｃｅ／∑Ｙ比值在２．５２－４．１８之间，Ｅｕ／∑ＲＥＥ比值在０．５６－０．９４之间，说明金沙江水系沉积物属贫     

渤海重金属污染历史研究

１９７９－１９８５年用大口径静矸取样器采集了渤海２８柱示劝岩心样。采用＾２１０Ｐ年代学方法，通过柱样沉积物稳定天然密度资料获得沉积速度，沉积通量和岩心编年， 此提出了渤海车颗粒沉积物中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ环境背景值，探讨了渤海重点海域和毗邻河口区重金属污染历史。     

Study on the proposed environmental guidelines for Cd, Hg, Pb and As in soil of China

This paper deals with the soil-environmental standard. According to the current situation of researching on the soil-environmental quality guideline at home and abroad, and on the basis of the foundations and principles of enacting the soil-environmental standard, the soil environment quality guideline values of Hg, Cd, Pb and As were suggested.