北京雾霾天气生物气溶胶浓度和粒径特征

近年来北京雾霾天气频发,空气颗粒物聚集是导致雾霾天气发生的主要原因之一.作为一种重要的空气颗粒物,生物气溶胶对人体健康存在危害.本研究调查了雾霾天气时,生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布规律;对其同空气质量指数PM2.5(AQI),环境温度和湿度间的Spearman’s相关性进行了研究;分析了冬夏两季重度雾霾天气时,生物气溶胶粒径分布规律.结果表明,生物气溶胶浓度与PM2.5(AQI)呈负相关,与环境温度呈正相关.环境湿度与细菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关而与真菌气溶胶浓度呈正相关.在冬季,最大浓度细菌和真菌气溶胶分别在4.5~7.0μm和2.1~3.3μm粒径范围内检测到,而夏季最高浓度细菌和真菌气溶胶均分布在3.3~4.5μm范围内.本研究结果将为不同雾霾天气下,评价生物气溶胶对人类健康造成的危害提供基础数据.     

杭州大气颗粒物散射消光特性及霾天气污染特征

2011年7月~2012年6月期间,对大气散射系数、颗粒物浓度及气象因子进行同步观测,以评估颗粒物散射消光对杭州市大气能见度的影响.结果表明,杭州市大气颗粒物散射系数日均值变化范围为108.4~1 098.1 Mm-1,年均值为428.62Mm-1±200.2 Mm-1.散射系数呈明显的季节变化,秋冬高,夏季低.日变化呈典型的双峰型,早峰出现在08:00,晚峰出现在21:00.PM2.5和PM10的散射效率分别为7.6 m2·g-1和4.4 m2·g-1,颗粒物散射消光占总消光比例的90.2%.灰霾和重度灰霾天气下,散射系数分别为684.4 Mm-1±218.1 Mm-1和1 095.4 Mm-1±397.7 Mm-1,达到非霾天气的2.6和4.2倍,表明颗粒物散射消光作用是导致杭州市大气能见度下降和灰霾天气发生的主要因素.     

一株耐低温石油降解菌的鉴定及降解特性

在低温条件下(15℃),从抚顺石油二厂曝气池活性污泥中驯化和分离得到一株以柴油为碳源的降解菌株Q21,通过菌体形态、生理生化反应特性和16S rDNA基因测序分析对其进行鉴定.菌株Q21为琼式不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii),该菌株利用柴油生长的最佳条件为:接种量为10%,生长温度为15℃,pH值为7.0,摇床转速为150 r·min-1,盐度为0.5%~1.0%,降解率为71.50%;降解后的残油组分经GC-MS分析结果表明,菌株Q21能降解柴油中所含的C9~C24之间大部分烷烃.     

浅谈“5S”在环境监测业务管理中的应用研究

将“5S”管理概念应用到环境监测业务管理工作中.将“5S”针对企业管理的方法引入环境监测业务工作中,从工作环境、工作纪律、工作方法、工作安全方面进行一系列的应用.引入“5S”概念改进环境业务管理要求、提高环境监测工作效率、提升环境监测人员素质、加强环境监测的规范性和有效性,以一流的设备、技术、人才和管理,为用户提供高效优质的服务.“5S”管理理念应用于环境监测业务管理有助于环境监测业务工作的建设和提升.     

纤维素降解菌Arthrobacter oryzae HW-17的纤维素降解特性及纤维素酶学性质

采用单一碳源选择性培养基和纤维素平板水解圈法筛选到一株具有较强纤维素分解能力的菌株Arthrobacter oryzae HW-17.此外,高通量测序发现,不同驯化条件下微生物群落结构有明显差异,低温条件下优势属为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia).本文同时对菌株Arthrobacter oryzae HW-17的微生物特性和纤维素降解特性进行了初步研究,结果发现,KNO_3、30或35℃、pH=7分别为菌株产纤维素酶的最佳氮源、温度和pH.菌株HW-17的最高纤维素酶活为18.55 U·m L~(-1),且对磨碎加工处理的纤维素样品和含鸡粪的纤维素混合样品有更好的降解效果.此外,菌株HW-17产生的纤维素酶在中温(≤50℃)和偏酸性(pH=5~7)条件下能保持较高的酶活.Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)等金属离子能够抑制该酶的活性.     

Some observations on copper yields and ore grades

The paper examines trends in the average copper content of mined ores over the years. It has tended to decline over the long term, but by no means evenly. US averages are not typical of global averages, at least in the past four decades. Those have been both higher, and less volatile than in the US. One reason for falling averages is a change in the type of deposit mined, with a rise in the share of relatively low grade porphyry deposits. The different nature of their deposits is reflected in marked differences in grades between the different continents. African and Australian average grades are higher than the global average, and changes in the share of Central Africa in global output have affected the global average grade. Yields are have been consistently lower in North America than elsewhere, and Latin American average grades have trended downwards, reflecting both the ageing of mines and the rising share of production from porphyry deposits. Typically the yield of mines declines over time as mining proceeds. The average copper content of ore deposits is usually below the average yield of the ore accessed in the early years of production. The initial grades of new mines have not declined over the past forty years, and there has been no perceptible tendency for the average grade of porphyry deposits brought into production to decline over time. There is no apparent correlation between average grade and deposit size, but mine operators tend to exploit economies of scale to offset low grades. The relationship between the annual percentage yields (the head grade) and the reserve grades of deposits is not static. In recent years head grades have fallen closer to reserve grades. The relationship may be affected by movements in metal prices. Although the evidence about the influence of prices is not clear-cut, it does suggest that prices and cut-off grades may be inversely related. As many ores contain other valuable metals besides copper, copper yields will sometimes be subordinated to the extraction of these other metals. Copper equivalent grades have not moved in the same way as copper grades alone.     

Novel application of the CORAL software to model cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles to bacteria Escherichia coli

Convenient to apply and available on the Internet software CORAL (http://www.insilico.eu/CORAL) has been used to build up quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) for prediction of cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles to bacteria Escherichia coli (minus logarithm of concentration for 50% effect pEC50). In this study six random splits of the data into the training and test set were examined. It has been shown that the CORAL provides a reliable tool that could be used to build up a QSAR of the pEC50.     

Enclave development and ‘offshore corporate social responsibility’: Implications for oil-rich sub-Saharan Africa

This paper critically reflects on the challenges of engaging, proactively, in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in oil-rich sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the region's oil production takes place in enclave-type environments offshore and in countries ruled by autocratic governments which generally exert minimal pressure on companies to embrace CSR. With companies having little sense of who to target in their local economic development policies and programs, there is always a possibility of ‘offshore CSR’ – recognized here as potentially-effective ideas for improving social welfare that linger within the enclave and never fully materialize – surfacing. The aim is to conceptualize and broaden understanding of the challenge of developing CSR programs in these settings, where there are no clear linkages to communities or local economies more generally.     

Metabolism of the Nonylphenol Isomer [Ring-U-14c]-4-(3′,5′-Dimethyl-3′-Heptyl)-Phenol by Cell Suspension Cultures of Agrostemma githago and Soybean

Abstract

The biotransformation of the nonylphenol isomer [ring-U-¹⁴C]-4-(3′,5′-dimethyl-3′-heptyl)-phenol (4-353-NP, consisting of two diastereomers) was studied in soybean and Agrostemma githago cell suspension cultures. With the A. githago cells, a batch two-liquid-phase system (medium/n-hexadecane 200:1, v/v) was used, in order to produce higher concentrations and amounts of 4-353-NP metabolites for their identification; 4-353-NP was applied via the n-hexadecane phase. Initial concentrations of [¹⁴C]-4-353-NP were 1 mg L^?1 (soybean), and 5 and 10 mg L^?1 (A. githago). After 2 (soybean) and 7 days (A. githago) of incubation, the applied 4-353-NP was transformed almost completely by both plant species to four types of products: glycosides of parent 4-353-NP, glycosides of primary 4-353-NP metabolites, nonextractable residues and unknown, possibly polymeric materials detected in the media. The latter two products emerged especially in soybean cultures. Portions of primary metabolites amounted to 19–22% (soybean) and 21–42% of applied ¹⁴C (A. githago). After liberation from their glycosides, the primary 4-353-NP metabolites formed by A. githago were isolated by HPLC and examined by GC-EIMS as trimethylsilyl derivatives. In the chromatograms, eight peaks were detected which due to their mass spectra, could be traced back to 4-353-NP. Seven of the compounds were side-chain monohydroxylated 4-353-NP metabolites, while the remaining was a (side-chain) carboxylic acid derivative. Unequivocal identification of the sites of hydroxylation/oxidation of all transformation products was not possible. The main primary metabolites produced by A. githago were supposed to be four diastereomers of 6′-hydroxy-4-353-NP (about 80% of all products identified). It was concluded that plants contribute to the environmental degradation of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol; the toxicological properties of side-chain hydroxylated nonylphenols remain to be examined.     

珠芽魔芋种子5苗接力生长当年形成商品芋技术

首次提出珠芽魔芋种子具有5苗接力生长的生物学特性。种子能在一个不间断的生长周期中积累最大生物产量,避免魔芋需反复"换头"种植3—4年才能收获商品芋的低产生长模式,使魔芋的膨大系数由块茎的低于10倍提高到种子最高约7000倍,所获地下球茎重量平均达1560g。采用种子种植当年即可获用于加工的商品芋,消除了魔芋种植过程中固有的风险,使魔芋由低产作物变成高产作物,魔芋多糖总量将实现跨越式增长。