Regression models for some solute distribution equilibria in the terrestrial environment

Sorption coefficients (K_p) of several organochlorine insecticides (OCs) in volcanic ash silt from Central Java are presented.

Selected experimental and estimated octanol‐water partition coefficient (P) values are used to study log‐log regressions with K_p data collected from the literature (PAHs, chlorophenols, phenylureas, chloro‐s‐triazines, carbamates and organophosphorus insecticides) and those of the OCs determined in the present study. Leaching distances and bioactivities in soil are correlated with the K_p values of the pesticides, and with the organic matter and the water content of the soil.     

低温SBR工艺活性污泥代谢特性研究

在(7±1)℃条件下,从污染物的去除效能、生物活性、污泥特性等方面,研究了低温SBR系统中活性污泥的代谢特性.结果表明:低温SBR系统在好氧阶段前40min能够将96%的COD去除,整个运行周期活性污泥对COD的代谢状况良好;由于低温的影响,活性污泥硝化反应过程受到抑制,反硝化过程无法正常进行;低温不是影响SBR反应器中聚磷菌P代谢过程的关键因素,在低温条件下聚磷菌对P的摄取、释放代谢状况良好;活性污泥2,3,5氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)和碘硝基四氮唑(INT)电子传递体系(ETS)活性呈现出周期性变化规律,TTC和INT-ETS活性能够有效表征整个运行过程活性污泥的代谢特性;稳定运行的低温SBR系统活性污泥表现出良好的沉降性,MLSS、MLVSS、以及MLVSS/MLSS都高于常温SBR系统.     

苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂在环境中的检测、分布及其毒性效应

苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂(benzotriazole UV stabilizers,BUVSs)因具有良好的紫外吸收能力广泛应用于个人护理品及工业产品中。由于其环境持久性、生物累积性,以及对生物体具有潜在的毒性效应,近年来得到广泛关注。对环境中典型BUVSs的分析方法、在不同环境介质中的浓度水平及其毒性效应进行了综述,预测了BUVSs的生物活性(毒性作用模式),并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

苯砜基乙酸酯类化合物对大型蚤急性毒性的结构信息指数

为了建构结构信息指数回归模型，研究了苯砜基乙酸酯类化合物结构与其对大型Sao急性毒性的关系，在邻接矩阵基础上，提出一种新的原子生物活性特征值αi,由αi建构结构信息指数G，将其用于苯砜基乙酸酯类化合物对大型Sao急性毒性的研究，化合物对大型的稳定性和预测能力，由方程得出的以预测值与测定值之间能较好地吻合，用Jackknife法检验，模型具有总体稳健性，G是一种结构选择性、性质相关性俱佳的拓扑指数。     

重金属Cd和Pb对土壤生物活性影响的初步研究

利用不同浓度的Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ溶液模拟污水农用，淋浇于蔬菜盆栽土壤上，研究其土壤生物活性的变化。结果显示，在试验所设置的浓度范围内．重金属Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ对土壤微生物三大菌和土壤酶中的蔗糖酶、脲酶等都有一定的抑制作用，三大菌对它们的敏感程度：Ｃｄ为细菌＞放线菌＞真菌，Ｐｂ为放线菌＞细菌＞真菌；而它们对土壤酶的抑制程度则都为蔗糖酶＞脲酶。研究还表明，土壤微生物总量的变化与重金属浓度有一定的相关性。     

应用径向基函数网络预测有机化合物的生物活性

为了构建径向基函数 ( RBF)神经网络模型 ,研究一批取代芳香族化合物结构与其大型蚤生物活性参数 log(1/EC₅₀)的关系 ,利用正交最小平方算法逐一选择非线性高斯函数的中心 ,并将归一化参数 σ和容差 ρ作为网络的系统参数 ,通过广程扫描确定其最佳值 .采用种子聚类分析与简单随机抽样相结合的方法将化合物合理地划分为训练集和预测集 .对构建的 RBF网络模型的预测质量进行了不确定性分析 .与回归模型相比 ,RBF网络具有较好的预测性能 ,模型预测的不确定性降低了 30 % .     

模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对氧化亚铁硫杆菌活性的影响

从浙江温州某制革厂污泥中筛选到1株细菌,对其形态和16S rDNA序列研究表明,细菌细胞呈杆状,革兰氏染色阴性,其16S rDNA序列与嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌标准菌株Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270的序列相似度为99%,可鉴定为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,暂命名为WZ-1.为了研究电镀污泥浸出液中重金属离子对WZ-1活性的影响,考察了Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+这4种重金属离子及5种不同模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1 Fe2+氧化活性和表观呼吸速率的影响,结果表明菌株在接种量6.7%、初始pH 2.0、温度30℃、转速150 r·min-1的条件下,浓度分别为5.0 g·L-1、0.1 g·L-1的Ni2+、Cr3+对WZ-1的活性没有影响;WZ-1对Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+的最大耐受浓度分别为:30.0、0.1、2.5、30.0 g·L-1;5种模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1活性的影响有明显差异,抑制强弱顺序为:Cu/Ni/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Zn>Cu/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Cr>Ni/Cr/Zn.     

宝鸡城市土壤重金属生物活性与环境风险

在野外调查与前期研究的基础上,根据一点多样混合采样法收集宝鸡市工业区土壤分析样品50个,采用Tessier连续形态分析法对城市土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb形态进行分级并使用ICP-OES对其各形态含量进行测定.在对6种重金属活性系数(MF)、迁移系数(MJ)、综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)及人群健康风险研究的基础上,对重金属地球化学形态分布、迁移能力、生物活性与环境风险进行了探讨.结果表明,宝鸡工业区城市土壤重金属Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb形态均以残渣态为主,而Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态为主;在各形态含量所占百分比中,重金属Cr可交换态含量最低.化学形态分析结果显示,6种重金属整体迁移的顺序为:Pb(77.60%)Zn(47.36%)Cu(35.86%)Cd(30.91%)Sb(16.46%)Cr(11.31%);土壤Pb(MF=35.77%)的生物活性最强,Cd(MJ=0.091)的迁移能力最大.城市土壤重金属Cd和Cr对儿童和成人的致癌风险处于中低等水平,但Cr对儿童将产生较大的非致癌风险.而重金属Pb对儿童和成人均产生非常明显的非致癌风险和中等程度的致癌风险,可见,重金属Pb是宝鸡市城市土壤最主要的环境污染物与健康风险因子.重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb工业排放与化石燃料燃烧的来源和城市儿童高铅血症的检出率说明宝鸡工业区重金属的干湿尘降污染应该引起高度重视.     

Effect of sunlight radiation,rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on persistence of bacillus thuringiensis deposits after application of dipel® 76af formulation onto conifers

Abstract

The effect of sunlight radiation, rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on per ‐sistence of a Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki (Btk) formulation, DiPel^® 76AF, was examined after application onto spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] foliage. The investigation consisted of three studies: (i) Study I: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the photostability of DiPel 76AF deposits on foliage after different periods of exposure to two radiation intensities, (ii) Study II: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the rainfastness of foliar deposits after exposure to different amounts of rainfall consisting of two separate droplet spectra, and (iii) Study III: a field microcosm study to investigate the influence of two different droplet spectra of DiPel 76AF sprays on foliar persistence of Btk under natural weathering conditions. In all studies, persistence of Btk was investigated both by bioassay [using spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens)] and total protein assay.

The findings of Study I indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing duration of exposure to radiation, and with increasing radiation intensity. The half‐life (DT₅₀, the exposure period required for 50% of the initial bioactivity to disappear) was 5.1 d for the low intensity, and 3.9 d for the higher intensity. In contrast with the bioassay results, the total protein levels [determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method] showed no decrease with increasing duration of exposure, or with increasing radiation intensity.

The findings of Study II indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing cumulative rainfall. A new term, RF₅₀ [the amount of rain (in mm) required to washoff 50% of the initial deposit], was introduced to understand the relationship between rainfall intensity and reduction in bioactivity. When the same amount of rain was applied in different droplet sizes, the RF₅₀ value was high (5.2 mm) for the small rain droplets, and was low (2.9 mm) for the large rain droplets. Similar to the bioassay results, the total protein concentrations (determined by the BCA method) decreased with increasing amount of rain and with increasing rainfall intensity. The RF₅₀ value (obtained using ng protein /cm²) was 5.4 mm for the small rain droplets, and was 3.4 mm for the large rain droplets.

The field microcosm study indicated that when DiPel 76AF was applied in small droplets (D_v.5 of 65 μm), the persistence of bioactivity was ca 8.0 d, whereas when it was applied in large droplets (D_v.5 of 130 nm) it was ca 11 d. Bioactivity decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ was 1.98 d for the spray of small droplets, and 2.87 d for that of large droplets. Similar to the bioactivity, the total protein concentrations also decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ values for the small and large droplet spectra were 3.45 and 6.07 d respectively.     

采用热重方法分析不同含盐条件下的好氧颗粒特性

采用热重分析方法对不同含盐条件下形成的好氧颗粒污泥进行分析.结果表明,含盐量为1%(质量分数)(反应器R1)、2.5%( R2)、5%( R3)条件下所形成的颗粒污泥,在105℃之前损失的结合水的质量分数分别为4.48%、3.72%、3.25%.这表明,含盐量的提高降低了颗粒污泥中强物理结合的水分含量.3个反应器的VSS与灰分质量之比分别为2.71、1.15、1.05,表明随着含盐量的增加,微生物的活性下降.3个反应器吸收峰峰值温度R1﹥R2﹥R3,表明R1中的物质最为复杂,同时DTA曲线的复杂程度显示R1的颗粒污泥物质最丰富;由此推断,随着含盐量的增加,微生物代谢产物复杂程度减小.因此,热重分析法能够很好的描述好氧颗粒污泥的结合水、生物活性、微生物代谢产物、密实度等特性,是一种很有潜力的分析方法.