Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG^o (−0.8– −4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH^o (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS^o (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr(III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E_a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

吉林省主要覆膜作物地膜残留情况调查

通过文献调研、问卷调查和典型样点采集的方法对吉林省3种主要覆膜作物的地膜残留情况进行调查分析,结果表明：地膜残留量与覆膜年限、地膜回收方式以及种植作物种类密切相关。随覆膜时间的延长地膜残留量有增加的趋势。3种模式地膜残留量由高到低为：瓜菜模式〉玉米连作模式〉花生连作模式,连续覆膜10年,3种模式的地膜残留量分别为30、28.35 kg·hm^-2和15.9kg·hm^-2。以一级污染水平作为标准（75 kg·hm^-2）,覆膜量每年按75～150 kg·hm^-2、年残留率按1.2%～4.02%计,估算吉林省安全使用地膜的年限约为12～83年。     

铸造废砂／废地膜／粘附土三元复合体系的研究

通过X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析、热分析、电镜及能谱分析、图像分析,可以判断废旧地膜上粘附土的主要矿物质是结晶二氧化硅（粉粒级石英）,它们与聚合物基废弃物复合材料中作为填料的铸造石英砂的性状类同。废旧地膜可以不经清洗,直接与铸造废砂制备复合材料,这可大大降低复合材料的加工成本。这种复合材料实际上是由基体PE、粘附土中大量的SiO2和铸造石英砂SiO2组成的三元复合体系。     

地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作为研究对象,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜和对照(不覆膜)处理下稻油轮作CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征进行了为期1 a的原位观测.结果表明,稻-油轮作农田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量均呈现出明显的季节变化,且2种处理下这3种温室气体的季节变化模式相似.覆膜处理下稻-油轮作农田全年CH_4排放量为(46. 14±13. 40) kg·hm~(-2),相比于对照处理下的(18. 61±2. 05) kg·hm~(-2),提高了147. 93%(P 0. 05),但覆膜对CO_2和N_2O的排放影响并不显著,覆膜及对照处理下CO2年排放量分别是(-47. 54±2. 11) t·hm~(-2)和(-47. 60±2. 19) t·hm~(-2),N2O年排放量分别是(18. 94±4. 74) kg·hm~(-2)和(23. 14±3. 68) kg·hm~(-2).覆膜和对照处理下GWP值分别为-41. 16 t·hm~(-2)和-40. 95 t·hm~(-2),表现为大气温室气体的吸收汇,但差异并不显著.     

铝合金化学氧化膜盐雾试验后腐蚀点评定方法研究

目的制定飞机用2024铝合金表面阿洛丁1200S化学氧化膜盐雾试验后腐蚀点的评定依据。方法通过开展铝合金化学氧化膜盐雾试验,分别利用目视、SEM微观、能谱分析和电化学阻抗测试等手段,表征盐雾试验后的腐蚀形貌及特征。结果试验后样品表面出现的典型腐蚀特征尺寸大于或等于0.15 mm时,正常视力的检测人员均能目视可见。目视可见的黑点、典型彗星状拖尾或只有彗星尾巴等形貌处的化学转化膜和基材已腐蚀,局部有腐蚀点的膜层,其耐蚀性大幅下降,失去对侵蚀性介质的阻挡能力。结论仅出现不符合目视可见和基体腐蚀特征,不能判定为腐蚀点。当出现肉眼可见的黑点,典型彗星状拖尾或只有彗星尾巴等形貌,可判定为腐蚀点。在实际生产检验检测过程中,可采取类似方法研究腐蚀点的评判方法,建立铝合金表面处理盐雾试验后腐蚀图谱和腐蚀点评定准则。     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

PVC/PES相容性及对共混超滤膜性能的影响

研究了聚氯乙烯(PVC)与聚醚砜(PES)共混体系相容性及其对共混膜性能的影响。利用溶解度参数原则和混合热焓原则进行理论预测,用铸膜液粘度法进行实验表征,均说明该体系为部分相容体系,且其相容性与组成及共混温度有关。通过对共混膜传质特性的考察,表明铸膜液的相容性会明显影响共混膜的性能;采用共混法可以改善膜性能。     

生物可降解地膜覆盖对关中地区小麦-玉米农田温室气体排放的影响

为探究生物可降解地膜覆盖对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统温室气体排放的影响,布设了普通地膜覆盖（PM）、生物可降解地膜覆盖（BPM）和无覆盖（CK）这3个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱仪法监测了2018～2019年土壤CO₂、 CH₄和N₂O的排放通量,并用水分利用效率（WUE）、温室气体排放强度（GHGI）和净生态系统经济预算（NEEB）指标评估覆膜对作物产量、农田环境和经济效益的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,PM和BPM增加了玉米季土壤CO₂的排放,PM处理下CO₂排放总量高于BPM处理（P>0.05）.PM和BPM处理均能够显著减少土壤对CH₄的吸收,CH₄的年吸收量较CK处理分别减少了42.0%和24.2%（P<0.05）.与CK相比,PM和BPM增加了小麦季N₂O排放总量（P>0.05）,而显著降低了夏玉米季N₂O排放（P<0.05）.覆膜能够提高作物产量和水分...     

生物膜法A/O系统处理己内酰胺废水

采用缺氧-好氧淹没式生物膜系统处理己内酰胺废水,着重探讨了碳源对硝化、反硝化的影响.研究结果表明:缺氧池进水中可生物降解COD与NO x-N的质量比必须大于3,好氧池COD负荷应小于0.98kg/(m3.d),系统才能有效地同时脱氮和去除COD.     

生物膜法污水处理工艺中微生物量的对比研究

采用生物膜法污水处理工艺,对深圳布吉秀峰工业城污水进行现场中试研究.出水中有机物BOD₅,COD_Cr及悬浮物去除率一般在80%以上,曝气生物滤池工艺中的污泥质量浓度2倍于生物接触氧化工艺,曝气生物滤池中的原生动物及后生动物密度比生物接触氧化工艺高出1～2个数量级.试验中曝气生物滤池的去除效果比生物接触氧化工艺稍好,从反应器中污泥质量浓度(ρ(MLSS))及原生动物、后生动物数量的比较进一步证实这一结论.