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The theoretical development for one-dimensional, coupled migration of solutes with different ionic mobilities through clay soils that behave as ion-restrictive membranes, referred to as clay membrane barriers (CMBs), is presented. The transport formulation is based on principles of irreversible thermodynamics and accounts explicitly for coupling effects of hyperfiltration (ultrafiltration) and chemico-osmotic counter-advection associated with clay membrane behavior in the absence of electrical current. Since, by definition, no solute can enter a "perfect" or "ideal" membrane, the concept of an implicit coupling effect, such that the effective salt-diffusion coefficient, Ds* approaches zero as the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient, omega approaches unity is introduced. The theoretical development also illustrates that, even in the absence of membrane behavior, traditional advective-dispersive transport theory based on a constant value of Ds* for the solutes may not be appropriate for simulating transient transport in reactive (ion exchanging) systems. This potential limitation is illustrated through simulations for solute mass flux involving the migration of a binary salt solution (KCl) through a clay barrier with exchange sites saturated with a single exchangeable cation (e.g., Na+) that enters the pore solution upon ion exchange with the salt cation (K+). 相似文献
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酚类分子结构和纳滤膜特性对截留率的影响规律 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
选择21种酚类化合物作为模型污染物,分别测定了三种不同纳滤膜对酚类化合物的截留率.结果表明,酚类化合物截留率受到取代基位置、种类和膜特性的影响.对NF270膜和NF膜而言,截留率从大到小的次序为邻位>间位>对位,而NF90膜的截留率为邻位>对位;供电子取代基有增大截留率的趋势,吸电子取代基有减小截留率的趋势;孔径小、荷电量大的纳滤膜截留率更大.通过基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘回归法(GA-PLS),建立了纳滤膜对酚类化合物截留率的定量构效关系模型,通过分析回归方程,可以看出酚类化合物的pKa值对截留率影响最大,影响较大的还有偶极矩等参数. 相似文献
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This study aimed at investigating the cellular distribution of Hg in the lichens Cladonia arbuscula subsp. mitis and Peltigera rufescens treated with Hg2+ and at testing if Hg treatment affects selected physiological parameters. In both species, increasing Hg accumulation under increasing Hg supply in the treatment solutions was found. P. rufescens showed a higher intracellular accumulation. Photosynthetic parameters were negatively affected in both species, as indicated by the decrease in photosynthetic pigments content, photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll integrity. Cell membranes of both species endured damage as indicated by the increase in the concentration of products of lipid peroxidation and decrease in ergosterol content. Nevertheless, differences between the two species were found, suggesting a differential sensitivity to Hg. 相似文献
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The effect of additives CaCl2 and CaCl2/H2O on the properties of polyacrylonitrile(PAN) ultrafiltration(UF) membranes prepared by phase inversion process was studied. The dissolving capacity of the casting solution for CaCl2 was enhanced by the addition of H2O. The membranes are characterized in terms of the pure water flux and molecular weight cut-off(MWCO). The addition of CaCl2 or CaCl2/H2O to the casting solution increases the resulting membrane permeability. 相似文献
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锂离子电池用新型复合聚合物电解质膜的性能研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
聚合物电解质膜是影响锂离子电池性能的重要因素,通过对聚合物的改性,能够改善聚合物电解质膜综合性能.本文以偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VDF-HFP)]为基,以N甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作溶剂,γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)作添加剂,用倒相湿法制备出复合聚合物电解质膜,并对其离子传递、膜结构和电化学性能进行了研究.用限制扩散方法测定了该电解质膜的锂离子扩散系数为5.68×10-10 cm2·s-1;用稳态极化法测定了该电解质膜的迁移数为0.61;用交流阻抗法测得该电解质膜的室温最高电导率可达1.73×10-3S·cm-1.测试结果表明,该聚合物电解质膜具有较好的离子传输性质和电化学性能. 相似文献