嘉陵江出口段水体碱性磷酸酶活性特征

于2011~2016年间,从嘉陵江重庆主城段水域的"磷营养状态-总碱性磷酸酶活性变化-藻华"之间的相关关系入手,通过原位实验总结TAPA与ALGAE及SRP变化规律,结合碱性磷酸酶反应动力学实验确定酶活参数,探讨酶活变化在"藻华"中的生态学意义.结果表明：消落期时,SRP为藻类生长活动主要的磷源."藻华"敏感期SRP含量全年最低,为0.012~0.021mg/L;TAPA全年最高,为10.503~11.587nmol/（L·min）.特征参数V_m和米氏常数K_m值的变化规律验证了"藻华"敏感期各样点碱性磷酸酶对底物的亲合力增高,酶的水解速率有了显著提升;碱性磷酸酶在其他形态的磷转化为SRP的过程中有很大的促进作用,为藻类等微生物生长提供充足的SRP,以利于其在适宜的生境中迅速增殖.     

Effect of algal flocculation on dissolved organic matters using cationic starch modified soils

Modified soils(MSs) are being increasingly used as geo-engineering materials for the sedimentation removal of cyanobacterial blooms. Cationic starch(CS) has been tested as an effective soil modifier, but little is known about its potential impacts on the treated water.This study investigated dissolved organic matters in the bloom water after algal removal using cationic starch modified soils(CS-MSs). Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) could be decreased by CS-MS flocculation and the use of higher charge density CS yielded a greater DOC reduction. When CS with the charge density of 0.052, 0.102 and0.293 meq/g were used, DOC was decreased from 3.4 to 3.0, 2.3 and 1.7 mg/L, respectively.The excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and UV254 analysis indicated that CS-MS exhibits an ability to remove some soluble organics, which contributed to the DOC reduction. However, the use of low charge density CS posed a potential risk of DOC increase due to the high CS loading for effective algal removal. When CS with the charge density of 0.044 meq/g was used, DOC was increased from 3.4 to 3.9 mg/L. This study suggested, when CS-MS is used for cyanobacterial bloom removal, the content of dissolved organic matters in the treated water can be controlled by optimizing the charge density of CS. For the settled organic matters, other measures(e.g., capping treatments using oxygen loaded materials) should be jointly applied after algal flocculation.     

利用有效微生物菌群控制蓝藻水华研究

蓝藻水华污染在我国和世界都呈现迅猛的发展趋势,如何治理是环境科学研究领域的热点。2008年7～8月在北京市延庆县妫水湖的现场围隔水体中,通过投加筛选和培养土著有效微生物菌群(EM菌),对控制蓝藻水华污染形成的效果进行研究。结果表明,与对照相比,投加EM菌不仅可以控制蓝藻水华的暴发,使蓝藻生物量降低70%以上,而且可以快速降低水体中的氮和磷浓度,因此,明显控制了蓝藻水华的形成,在治理湖泊蓝藻水华污染方面具有重要的应用前景。     

九龙江北溪拟多甲藻水华防治与应急处置

2009年初以来,在福建省九龙江北溪的支流和干流连续发生了拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsis penardii)水华。经检测,拟多甲藻水华没有明显的生物毒性,但其所形成的深褐色水色和轻微藻腥味对该流域的龙岩、漳州和厦门三城市的生产和生活是造成了一定的影响。研究结果表明,在甲藻水华的防治与应急处置过程中,必须进一步加强组织体系建设,明确各职能部门职责,并根据不同水域的实际情况和季节变化,采取相应的物理、化学和生物方法予以防治和应急处置。     

太湖水质的时空分异特征及其与水华的关系

在大量调查数据的基础上,分析了太湖水质的时空分异特征,探讨了太湖不同湖区、不同季节水质差异的原因。研究结果显示：北部的入湖河口区、几个湖湾、湖心区、西南湖区、东部湖区水体的透明度、高锰酸盐指数、氮、磷、叶绿素等富营养化指标差异显著。入湖河口区的高锰酸盐指数和营养盐含量高于南部湖区数倍,也明显高于北部湖湾区,这反映出太湖西北部入湖河道污染对太湖影响显著。不同季节太湖水质指标也差异显著,冬春期(12～次年5月份)水体的氮含量高于夏秋季(6～11月份)近1倍。水质季节性的显著差异进一步说明了外源输入对太湖水质的影响。研究表明太湖水质的时空异质性既受太湖湖泊形态特征本身的影响,也更多受到外源污染的影响,解决太湖的蓝藻水华问题,首先要在太湖的外源污染控制方面取得突破.     

Impact of climate factors on cyanobacterial dynamics and their interactions with water quality in South Taihu Lake,China

Cyanobacterial bloom events in South Taihu Lake cause serious water quality problems and disturb aesthetic view of lake’s environment. In this study, correlations between cyanobacterial blooms and hydro-meteorological factors, including water quality, temperature and precipitation were investigated. Results demonstrated that South Taihu Lake was heavily affected by cyanobacteria and the proliferation of cyanobacteria due to variations in hydro-meteorological factors and water quality conditions. Water quality parameters, including COD, NH₃-N, TN and TP improved significantly since 2008 even at an elevated cyanobacterial bloom situation. Correlation analyses have shown that the development of cyanobacterial density and chlorophyll a concentration was sensitive to a wider temperature variation. The optimum temperature for cyanobacteria was 20°C, while extremely low and high temperatures were found to suppress their growth. Moreover, unusual rainfall patterns were measured during the study period (2003–2009), which showed an adverse impact on cyanobacterial development. Findings from this study suggested that seasonal lake’s water quality monitoring; suitable treatment of cyanobacterial blooms and strict policy implementation can solve the water quality issues in highly eutrophic lakes like Taihu.     

应用荧光定量PCR技术监测玄武湖蓝藻水华

应用荧光定量PCR技术和显微计数法对玄武湖蓝藻水华进行了长期监测,结果表明,荧光定量PCR法可同步监测蓝藻、微囊藻和有毒微囊藻的数量,及时准确反映玄武湖蓝藻水华优势种群微囊藻和有毒微囊藻的动态变化。与显微计数法相比,具有需要的样品量少、时效性强、检出下限较低、自动化程度高等优势,可有效地应用于蓝藻水华的监测。     

太湖蓝藻水华分级及其时空变化

根据MODIS影像和实地监测叶绿素a浓度数据，采用太湖蓝藻水华分级评估方法，对2004~2008年太湖不同类型蓝藻水华类型进行评估并统计分析，探求太湖蓝藻水华特征及其时空变化规律，以期为太湖蓝藻水华预防和预警提供支持。结果表明：（1）2004~2008年，全湖共发生蓝藻水华414次，以小型蓝藻水华为主，发生333次，占总次数的80.43%；随着蓝藻水华级别的增加，发生次数逐渐减少；（2）空间上，蓝藻水华主要发生在太湖的北部和西部区域，并且蓝藻水华发生级别由高到低基本上沿西北-东南方向分布；（3）年际变化上，蓝藻水华发生次数呈逐渐增加趋势，蓝藻水华级别较高、次数较多的年份主要集中于2006年和2007年；（4）年内变化上，4~8月份，蓝藻水华发生次数呈增加趋势，8~11月，蓝藻水华发生次数逐渐减少。并且，蓝藻水华主要集中于5月和7~10月份，尤其是8~10月。     

巢湖蓝藻水华遥感监测初探

以巢湖为研究区,从2008年4月到11月,对巢湖水体的24个点位进行了连续的水体光谱测量,通过对蓝藻水华爆发程度与其光谱反射率之间关系的研究,确定遥感识别水华爆发级别的阈值,对四类不同爆发程度蓝藻水华光谱特征进行遥感识别,绘制巢湖蓝藻水华特征等级图。     

巢湖水华遥感监测与年度统计分析研究

介绍了巢湖蓝藻水华的日常遥感监测方法与流程,开展了基于日常监测的年度统计分析,为水华环境管理提供了科学依据。首先分析了蓝藻水华与正常水体的光谱差异,利用蓝藻水华在近红外波段的"陡坡效应",基于NDVI方法开展水华日常遥感监测。基于日常监测开展水华年度统计分析,获得水华最早发生日期、最晚发生日期、最大发生面积等,并以水华发生频率、水华起始日期和水华持续时间来分析巢湖一年内高发区、发展趋势及持续时间等时空分布规律。研究表明,2010年巢湖水华的高发区域在巢湖西北部水域,水华持续天数最长的区域是巢湖西北和中部部分区域,水华先在西部沿岸聚集,随时间推移向东部和中部扩散,巢湖西南、中部和东南沿岸是最后新增的水华区域。