龟石水库夏季富营养化状况与蓝藻水华暴发特征

龟石水库是贺州市主要的饮用水源,2014年夏季第一次暴发大规模的蓝藻水华.本研究通过分析水体的富营养化时空变化规律、外源污染来源以及浮游藻类群落结构动态变化特征,进而评价水体的富营养化状况,并提出合理的防控措施.结果表明,水库的氮磷浓度逐年升高,TN含量已远超过地表水Ⅱ类标准,部分样点的TP含量也超过Ⅱ类标准,且主要来源为规模化养殖和农业面源污染.水华期间浮游藻类细胞密度变化范围为8.60×10~6~5.36×10~8cells·L~(-1),水华优势种为惠氏微囊藻,密度最高达到5.36×10~8cells·L~(-1)以上,叶绿素a浓度最高为74.48μg·L~(-1),惠氏微囊藻细胞密度随时间推移呈现逐渐降低的趋势,并且垂直方向集中分布在表层及水下2 m处.水华期间浮游藻类总细胞密度与TN、TP、NO_3~--N和高锰酸盐指数呈现显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关.微囊藻毒素监测结果表明龟石水库水质未受到微囊藻毒素的污染.综合分析,对于中营养水平的龟石水库而言,蓝藻水华的防控既要关注气候和气象条件,更要尽量削减氮、磷营养盐入库量,维持较低营养盐水平是防范蓝藻水华的关键.     

Environmental factors influencing cyanobacteria community structure in Dongping Lake, China

The present study was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the variation in cyanobacterial communities of Dongping Lake, which is the final water volume adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria was assessed from May 2010 to October 2012 based on monthly samples collected from three stations. Over the 30-month survey, 15 genera and 25 species of cyanobacteria were identified, with cyanobacterial abundance at each monitoring station ranging from undetected to 3.04×107 cells/L, average of 4.27×106 cells/L. The dominant cyanobacterial species were Pseudanabaena limnetica and Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi and not the usual bloom-forming genera such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables exhibited substantial changes over the period of survey. Redundancy analysis, Pearson correlations, and regression analysis were applied to analyze the relationships among the variables. The results suggested that temperature and chemical oxygen demand were key drivers of the cyanobacterial community composition in Dongping Lake. In addition, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the lake had a profound efect on the cyanobacterial abundance as a non-limiting factor in warm periods.     

聚合氯化铝铁和粘土应急去除蓝藻的室外模拟研究

文章在开展PAFC去除淡水中的铜绿微囊藻影响因素的室内模拟研究基础上进行PAFC和粘土应急去除巢湖水中蓝藻的室外模拟研究。结果表明,在20 mg/L的絮凝剂用量下,聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)对巢湖水中蓝藻的沉降去除效果优于聚合氯化铝,达到97.7%。PAFC,PAFC和粘土(高岭石或海泡石)可以快速高效絮凝沉降巢湖水中的蓝藻,并且在30 d之内除藻率稳定地维持90.0%以上。同时探讨其对藻毒素释放抑制的影响,结果表明,加入PAFC和粘土(海泡石或高岭石)1 d后能有效地吸附水中的藻毒素,PAFC和海泡石组的吸附去除率大于PAFC和高岭石,且30 d内仍一直维持藻毒素浓度低于对照组。     

太湖浮游硅藻时空演化与环境因子的关系

利用1992年至2002年每月1次的监测资料,系统分析了太湖北部3个区域(河口、梅梁湾、湖心)浮游硅藻(Planktonic diatoms)生物量周年变化和空间分布情况.同时,水中磷酸盐(PO43--P)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)含量等相关资料也被用于解释太湖浮游硅藻时空分布的原因.结果显示,直链硅藻(Aulacoseira sp.)是太湖浮游硅藻的优势种,其它常见种有小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、针杆藻(Synedrasp.)等.硅藻总生物量占浮游藻类生物量百分比平均值约为20%.太湖浮游硅藻生物量在河口最大,梅梁湾其次,湖心最小,究其原因可能与河口的特殊生态环境(水流速度)有关,另外,河口丰富的营养盐,特别是磷酸盐和氨氮也是一个重要因素.温度可能是影响太湖浮游硅藻生物量季节变化的关键因素.Pearson相关分析证实,磷酸盐、氨氮和温度均与硅藻生物量显著相关(p<0.01),且蓝藻生物量百分比与硅藻生物量百分比呈显著负相关.研究结果说明,太湖浮游硅藻的生长分布受多种环境因子(磷酸盐、氨氮、温度)的影响限制,太湖浮游硅藻与蓝藻可能存在着竞争演替的趋势.     

金属营养元素与蓝藻的相互作用研究进展

水体富营养化所引起的蓝藻水华对自然环境及人类社会产生诸多不良影响,通过控制并降低水体中营养物质的浓度相对于其他措施更能有效地降低蓝藻水华的发生程度。在此以金属营养元素为重点,讨论了金属营养元素在蓝藻新陈代谢过程中的作用,综述了蓝藻与金属营养元素间相互作用:蓝藻可改变水体中金属营养元素的含量和分布,而金属营养元素的种类及含量变化也可影响到蓝藻的数量、种类与分布。调研了国内地表水体中金属营养元素的监控现状,建议政府部门加强金属营养元素的监控,以期为蓝藻的监控预警及重金属污染治理等工作开拓新的思路。     

加压混凝沉淀对蓝藻水处理中消毒副产物的控制

为了降低蓝藻水处理中消毒副产物的产生,采用物理加压法取代传统化学氧化法进行预处理,从而减少新的化学物质的产生,降低消毒副产物风险,实验对比研究了加压混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀除藻工艺中消毒副产物及其前驱物的浓度。结果表明,经0.7 MPa加压1 min后混凝沉淀处理,藻类去除率达到95.8%,浊度0.58 NTU,均比原水混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀后效果大幅度提高。蓝藻水加压后三卤甲烷前驱物降低26.2%,卤乙酸前驱物无变化,混凝沉淀处理后前驱物比原水混凝沉淀后略有减少。加压水过滤消毒后消毒副产物与原水处理后持平。而经1~2 mg/L的Na Cl O预氧化水混凝沉淀过滤消毒后,三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度分别比原水处理后增加了3~4倍和1.7~2.5倍。加压混凝沉淀工艺处理蓝藻水,比传统预氧化工艺更有效控制了消毒副产物的产生。     

连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备的中试研究

近年来湖泊富营养化日益加重,各种除藻技术层出不穷,以机械捞藻法、滤网式收集法、排气分离式收集法等为代表的蓝藻收集方法迅速出现。为了进一步提高蓝藻的收集效率,开发了一种新型的连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备,以叶绿素a含量为主要指标,判断蓝藻去除效果。在进水泵频率30 Hz,进水压力0.11 MPa的条件下,每间隔30 min洗...     

Ecological niche and in-situ control of MIB producers in source water

Odor problems in source water caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been a common issue in China recently, posing a high risk to drinking water safety. The earthy-musty odorant MIB has an extremely low odor threshold (4–16 ng/L) and is hard to remove via conventional processes in drinking water plants (DWP), and therefore could easily provoke complaints from consumers. This compound is produced by a group of filamentous cyanobacteria, mainly belonging to Oscillatoriales. Different from the well-studied surface-blooming Microcystis, filamentous cyanobacteria have specific niche characteristics that allow them to stay at a subsurface or deep layer in the water column. The underwater bloom of these MIB producers is therefore passively determined by the underwater light availability, which is governed by the cell density of surface scum. This suggests that drinking water reservoirs with relatively low nutrient contents are not able to support surface blooms, but are a fairly good fit to the specialized ecological niche of filamentous cyanobacteria; this could explain the widespread odor problems in source water. At present, MIB is mainly treated in DWP using advanced treatment processes and/or activated carbon, but these post-treatment methods have high cost, and not able to deal with water containing high MIB concentrations. Thus, in situ control of MIB producers in source water is an effective complement and is desirable. Lowering the underwater light availability is a possible measure to control MIB producers according to their niche characteristics, which can be obtained by either changing the water level or other measures.     

Pollutant toxicology with respect to microalgae and cyanobacteria

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are fundamental components of aquatic ecosystems. Pollution in aquatic environment is a worldwide problem. Toxicological research on microalgae and cyanobacteria can help to establish a solid foundation for aquatic ecotoxicological assessments. Algae and cyanobacteria occupy a large proportion of the biomass in aquatic environments; thus, their toxicological responses have been investigated extensively. However, the depth of toxic mechanisms and breadth of toxicological investigations need to be improved. While existing pollutants are being discharged into the environment daily, new ones are also being produced continuously. As a result, the phenomenon of water pollution has become unprecedentedly complex. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on five kinds of aquatic pollutants, namely, metals, nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Further, we present information on emerging pollutants such as graphene, microplastics, and ionic liquids. Efforts in studying the toxicological effects of pollutants on microalgae and cyanobacteria must be increased in order to better predict the potential risks posed by these materials to aquatic ecosystems as well as human health.     

蓝藻对重金属的生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附作为目前重金属废水处理中最有前途的方法之一,其吸附机理、吸附量影响因素、吸附模型、吸附工艺以及各种生物吸附剂的吸附特性等已被广泛研究。寻找对重金属具有特异性吸附与较强吸附能力的生物体是生物吸附领域的一个永恒课题。蓝藻是世界上分布最广的生物,本文较全面的介绍了蓝藻对重金属的吸附特性与基因工程在构建高吸附性能蓝藻方面的研究进展,并对生物吸附剂的开发应用前景作了展望。