农业旱灾监测中的地表温度遥感反演方法--以MODIS数据为例

以目前农业旱灾监测中应用较广泛的多波段MODIS卫星遥感数据为例,探讨农业旱灾遥感监测中所需要的地表温度反演问题,尤其是反演算法的选择、基本参数的估计和具体反演中的工作流程,为快速地进行农业旱灾监测中的水热遥感参数估计提供方法选择.虽然MODIS有8个热红外波段用来监测地表热量变化,但波段31和32特别适用于农业旱灾监测中所需要的地表温度遥感反演.因此,在算法上,我们将选择计算过程相对简便但反演精度又很高的两因素分裂窗算法.详细地讨论了如何快速地估计分裂窗算法中大气透过率和地表比辐射率这两个基本参数.从实际应用来看,本文所提出的方法能快速地用来反演我国农业旱灾监测中所需要的农田地表温度参数,并获得很好的反演结果.     

大型储油罐浮舱检查器的研制

介绍了研制开发的油罐浮舱检查器的结构及试验情况,试验表明采用油罐浮舱检查器进行大型储油罐的浮舱检查,既提高了工作效率,又可避免人员中毒等事故的发生。     

舱门振动对舱室噪声特性影响研究

目的研究舱门结构振动特性对舱室声场特性的影响与控制方法。方法基于声固耦合分析方法,对典型舱门结构的振动声辐射特性进行仿真分析,研究材料、板厚以及阻尼层对舱门结构声辐射特性的影响规律。建立舱室声学分析模型,分析舱门结构振动对舱室声学环境的影响。结果计算了典型舱门结构的固有频率和声辐射特性,舱门结构在固有频率处容易辐射出较大的噪声能量。通过分析舱室典型位置声压频率响应可知,声压峰值频率以舱室模态频率为主,且响应最大值出现在舱门结构频率和舱室模态频率重合处。仿真分析结果显示,采用在舱门表面增加约束阻尼层的降噪方法,可以有效降低舱室噪声。结论舱门结构振动模态频率与舱室声学模态频率的重合产生较大的共鸣噪声。在舱门上增加约束阻尼层是一种简易且有效的舱室噪声控制措施。     

某型火箭弹控制舱环境适应性研究

目的研究某型火箭弹控制舱的环境适应性。方法通过分析某型火箭弹控制舱在我国亚湿热、亚干热、温和、干燥、寒冷5个典型气候区的实际贮存环境,结合历年积累的控制舱的电性能参数检测数据,统计分析控制舱的关键部组件失效率与温度、湿度之间的关系。结果温度是导致控制舱失效的主要应力因素。结论加速度计和陀螺仪是影响控制舱质量的薄弱环节,并对贮存单位和生产厂家提出了相应的合理化建议。     

Workspace design for crane cabins applying a combined traditional approach and the Taguchi method for design of experiments

Procedures in the development process of crane cabins are arbitrary and subjective. Since approximately 42% of incidents in the construction industry are linked to them, there is a need to collect fresh anthropometric data and provide additional recommendations for design. In this paper, dimensioning of the crane cabin interior space was carried out using a sample of 64 crane operators’ anthropometric measurements, in the Republic of Serbia, by measuring workspace with 10 parameters using nine measured anthropometric data from each crane operator. This paper applies experiments run via full factorial designs using a combined traditional and Taguchi approach. The experiments indicated which design parameters are influenced by which anthropometric measurements and to what degree. The results are expected to be of use for crane cabin designers and should assist them to design a cabin that may lead to less strenuous sitting postures and fatigue for operators, thus improving safety and accident prevention.     

深水隔水管系统安全作业窗口分析*

为分析深水隔水管系统在不同环境载荷下钻井平台允许的最大偏移量,确保整个钻井作业顺利完成并提高生产效率,建立隔水管-井口与土壤整体力学分析模型,提出1种以钻井平台向不同方向许可偏移距离确定安全作业窗口的分析方法,并结合实例分析表层海流速度及隔水管系统顶张力对隔水管系统安全作业窗口的影响。结果表明:当表层海流速度增大时,深水隔水管-井口与土壤整体系统安全作业窗口减小,不同模式间作业窗口的间距增大,且沿海流速度方向正常工作区间减小幅度远大于垂直海流速度方向,应尽早准备和启动隔水管系统底部脱离;当海流速度过大导致安全作业区间过小时,可通过提高隔水管系统的顶张力增大安全作业区间。     

湿地对福州市热岛效应影响遥感分析

以4期Landsat TM/OLI影像为基础,利用大气校正后的单窗算法对福州市地表温度进行反演并验证.进而利用ArcGIS的空间分析工具和土地利用/覆被类型数据,进行湿地对福州市热岛效应影响分析.结果显示:(1)通过地表温度实测数据对地表温度反演结果进行验证,二者之间R2值为0.9475,满足研究需要;(2)各土地利用/覆被类型中建设用地和道路的温度最高,成为城市热岛的主要热源.建设用地在所有地物中所占比例由1985年的10.6％增大到2015年的23.4％,其城市热岛贡献指数(UHI)由1985年的24％上升到93％;(3)湿地的冷岛效应对周围地物的高温环境具有一定的缓解作用,但是针对不同地物类型其影响范围并不相同;(4)1985—2015年湿地面积不断减少,冷岛效应正在逐渐减弱.湿地对周边地物地表温度的影响距离400 m减小到360 m,影响面积也由352 km2减小到320 km2,影响范围下降的平均速度为0.94 km2??a?1.     

Noise Impact and Improvement on Indoors Acoustic Comfort for the Building Adjacent to Heavy Traffic Road

A good acoustic environment is absolutely essential to maintaining a high level satisfaction and moral health among residents. Noise and other boresome sounds come from both in- door and outdoor sources. For the residential buildings adjacent to heavy traffic roads, outdoors traffic noise is the main source that affects indoor acoustic quality and health. Ventilation and outdoor noise prevention become a pair of contradictions for the residents in China nowadays for those buildings adjacent to heavy traffic roads. It is investigated that traffic noise emission is mainly con- stituted by the motors of trucks, buses and motorcycles as well as brake. In this paper, two methods of traffic noise reduction on the indoor sound environment and comfort are carried out to study and compare the residential buildings adjacent to heavy traffic roadway in a city. One is to install noise barriers on the two sides of the roadway, which consist of sound-proof glass and plas- tic materials. The effect of sound-insulation of this method is heavily dependent on the relative distance between the noise bar- rier and indoors. A reduction of sound with an average pressure level of 2–15dB is achieved on the places behind and under the noise barrier. However, for the equivalent of noise barrier height, the noise reduction effect is little. As for the places of higher than the noise barrier, the traffic noise will be even strengthened by 3–7dB. Noise increment can be seen at the points of distance farther than 15m and height more than noise barrier; the noise reduction effect is not satisfactory or even worsened. In addition, not every location is appropriate to install the noise barrier along the heavy traffic roads. The other method of noise reduction for the buildings adjacent to heavy traffic is to install the airproof and soundproof windows, which is the conversion from natural venti- lation to mechanical ventilation. A reduction of sound with an average pressure level of 5dB to 17dB can be achieved compared with common glass windows, if adopting sound proof glass win- dows. These two methods are helpful to isolate high frequency noise but not for low frequency noise. For those frequency noises, installing thick and cotton curtain and porous carpet can only decrease 2.4–4.5dB, which hardly contributes to indoor sound comfort, so further study is demanded to cut down traffic noise, especially to cut down the low frequency noise.     

高超声速飞行器综合热管理及关键技术研究进展

从高超声速飞行器面临的内外热环境特点、热防护与舱内热管理的需求入手,面对热源增大、热沉受限的现状,提出需对高超声速飞行器舱外热防护与舱内热管理开展综合热管理与一体化设计,并分别针对热防护、舱内热管理以及综合热管理现有技术手段、应用特点以及发展趋势等方面开展综合论述与分析。在此基础上,对美国已经提出的一系列综合热管理计划的发展状况与关键技术点进行了综合论述。最后,从先进热管理单点技术、高超声速飞行器内外一体化耦合设计以及综合热管理系统快速建模与分析3方面分析了高超声速飞行器综合热管理关键技术。     

海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力场耦合研究

为研究海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力的变化规律,基于流体力学和传热学理论,考虑超高温高压井筒环境对钻井液密度以及钻井液流变参数的影响,建立海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力耦合预测模型,并利用实例井现场随钻数据进行模型验证,分析正常钻进期间井筒温度压力的变化规律。研究结果表明：对井筒温度而言,钻井液流变性变化的影响大于钻井液密度变化的影响,耦合计算温度结果要大于不耦合计算的温度值,且两者之间的温差随井深的增加越来越大;对井筒压力而言,钻井液密度变化对当量循环密度ECD(equivalent criculating density)的影响要大于流变性对ECD的影响,且耦合计算的ECD要小于不耦合计算的ECD值。该耦合模型可以提高井筒温度压力的预测与控制精度,并降低超高温高压地层窄密度窗口中的安全钻进风险,研究结果对超高温高压钻井精准的井筒温度压力预测及控制具有重要意义。