鞍钢钢绳厂生产污水处理的工艺设计及运行效果

本文介绍了鞍钢钢绳厂生产废水处理工艺,包括沉淀系统、气浮系统、砂滤罐过滤系统。通过试验确定p H为11时,沉淀系统对Zn2+的去除率达到98.4%。通过正交试验确定当PAC用量为20 mg/L、PAM用量为2 mg/L、p H 7.5、气浮压力为1.2 Mpa时气浮系统对钢绳厂废水中SS、石油类、COD的去除率分别达到90%、70%、70%。经过砂滤罐过滤系统后废水中的SS为20 mg/L、石油类为2 mg/L、COD为48 mg/L,其去除率分别达到94%、78%、80%。     

中亚地区气溶胶时空分布及其对云和降水的影响

中亚地区属干旱半干旱气候区,是水资源缺乏最严重的地区之一,也是全球沙尘气溶胶贡献度较大的区域.利用MODIS气溶胶和云资料以及校准后的TRMM降水数据,可从宏观角度分析中亚地区气溶胶、云、降水的时空分布特征,研究气溶胶与云和降水之间的相互影响关系.结果表明:1中亚地区年平均气溶胶光学厚度表现为春季(0~1)夏季(0~0.8)冬季(0~0.42)秋季(0~0.38),2002—2013年间整体呈现增加趋势;冬季COD量值明显高于其他3个季节,12年间整体表现出下降趋势,夏季变化较小,增幅为-0.876%,冬季最大,增幅为-1.713%;云水路径的区域性和季节性变化较为明显,整体处于降低趋势,其中秋季的新疆塔里木盆地变化最为显著,年变化为-6.607%;利用实测降水数据对TRMM月降水数据进行校准处理,可有效提升数据精度,新疆境内夏季降水占年降水量的比重较大,春、秋次之,咸海地区降水量年内分配相对较均匀,季节性差异不明显,中亚干旱区作为一个整体,降水呈现出增加趋势,其中,冬季降水的增加趋势最明显.2气溶胶光学厚度与云光学厚度呈负相关;与云滴粒子有效半径关系复杂,受水汽影响较大,在云层含水量较低的情况下,云滴粒子与气溶胶光学厚度呈负相关,而在云层含水量较高的情况下,二者呈正相关;云水路径随着气溶胶光学厚度的增加而减小,随AOD的变化的敏感程度在秋季最高,冬季最低.3气溶胶和降水关系复杂,整体来看,中亚地区气溶胶抑制降水.     

长沙地区近地面水汽中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征

基于在长沙地区2014年10月—2015年10月监测的近地面水汽中氢氧稳定同位素组成(δv)及相关气象要素,对水汽中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征、影响因素及与降水中稳定同位素(δp)的相互关系进行了分析.结果表明:大气水汽中氢氧稳定同位素存在显著的季节变化和日变化,冬、春季值高于夏、秋季值,夜晚值高于白天值.δv~(18)O的季节变化与大尺度水汽输送的季节性变化有关,日变化则与地表蒸散发、大气湍流等局地气象条件有关.通过对δv~(18)O的平衡模拟发现,水汽中和降水中稳定同位素在暖季处于或接近平衡状态,在冷季处于非平衡状态.不同季节的大气水汽线和大气水线具有一定程度的相似性,两者的斜率均为暖季大于冷季;受下垫面新降水蒸发的影响,降水日大气水汽线的斜率和截距相对于无降水日均有增加,暖季分别增加0.11和3.52‰,冷季分别增加0.07和0.14‰.     

不同生物质炭对酸雨及氧化性沉降下花生生长及累积砷镉的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了普通生物质炭和铁基生物质炭对酸雨及氧化性沉降下不同生育期花生生长及累积砷、镉(As、Cd)的影响.结果表明,酸雨及50μmol·L-1H2O2沉降处理对处于花期及成熟期中花生的生物量、根瘤数和瘤干重的影响不显著(p0.05),但却显著增加了花生籽粒中Cd的含量和花生壳中As的含量(p0.05).其中,铁基生物质炭可显著降低酸雨及氧化性沉降下花生地上部、根部、籽粒、壳中累积As、Cd含量(p0.05),且作用效果明显强于普通生物质炭.由此可知,酸雨及氧化性沉降增加了花生对土壤重金属As、Cd的富集,而施加铁基生物质炭可有效降低作物的As、Cd累积,为有效防控酸雨及氧化性沉降区域的花生砷、镉重金属污染具有重要现实意义.     

Chemical fluxes in time through forest ecosystems in the UK - Soil response to pollution recovery

Long term trend analysis of bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution elemental fluxes from 12 years monitoring at 10 ICP Level II forest sites in the UK reveal coherent national chemical trends indicating recovery from sulphur deposition and acidification. Soil solution pH increased and sulphate and aluminium decreased at most sites. Trends in nitrogen were variable and dependant on its form. Dissolved organic nitrogen increased in bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution at most sites. Nitrate in soil solution declined at sites receiving high nitrogen deposition. Increase in soil dissolved organic carbon was detected - a response to pollution recovery, changes in soil temperature and/or increased microbial activity. An increase of sodium and chloride was evident - a possible result of more frequent storm events at exposed sites. The intensive and integrated nature of monitoring enables the relationships between climate/pollutant exposure and chemical/biological response in forestry to be explored.     

Modeling the impacts of calcite precipitation on the epilimnion of an ultraoligotrophic, hard-water lake

A mass-balance model of calcite precipitation was developed to investigate the interactions of the varied processes governing the generation and fate of calcite in lakes. The model was used in conjunction with data to assess the evolution and impact of calcite precipitation for calcareous, ultraoligotrophic Torch Lake, Michigan (USA). This lake is an ideal setting for implementation of a baseline modeling study of calcite precipitation where the physical drivers could be evaluated without being dominated, as in many systems, by biological processes. The model provides a representation of calcite precipitation with particulate surface area changing over time, and demonstrates that it is possible for the change in water clarity to be explained by calcite precipitation employing standard optical models. Using the mass balance model to quantify the roles of the various chemical, biological and physical processes interacting in the lake's epilimnion, it was shown that the seasonal temperature rise and air-water CO₂ exchange drive calcite precipitation much more than primary production for this ultraoligotrophic system.     

IS IT REALISTIC TO DEFINE A 100-YEAR DROUGHT FOR WATER MANAGEMENT?1

ABSTRACT: The concept of recurrence interval has been used for years in engineering designs. Can the same concept be applied to the drought analysis? This paper uses the plotting position method to define drought of various recurrence intervals based on stream-flow data. The method of truncation level was applied to the same data to examine the defined drought. Based on the method of truncation level, drought duration and its corresponding flow deficit were investigated. Eighteen flow gage stations from the Scioto River Basin in Ohio were selected for the study. The results show that flows of 100-year droughts using the plotting position method are practically nil. On the other hand, flows of droughts using the truncation method are gradually decreasing with an increase in truncation level, where flows of 95 percent are approximately equal to those of two-year droughts defined by the plotting position. It is also shown that there is a strung correlation between drought duration and deficit.     

Long-term depletion of calcium and other nutrients in eastern US forests

Both harvest removal and leaching losses can deplete nutrient capital in forests, but their combined long-term effects have not been assessed previously. We estimated changes in total soil and biomass N, Ca, K, Mg, and P over 120 years from published data for a spruce-fir site in Maine, two northern hardwood sites in New Hampshire, central hardwood sites in Connecticut and Tennessee, and a loblolly pine site in Tennessee. For N, atmospheric inputs counterbalance the outputs, and there is little long-term change on most sites. For K, Mg, and P, the total pool may decrease by 2%–10% in 120 years depending on site and harvest intensity. For Ca, net leaching loss is 4–16 kg/ha/yr in mature forests, and whole-tree harvest removes 200–1100 kg/ha. Such leaching loss and harvest removal could reduce total soil and biomass Ca by 20%–60% in only 120 years. We estimated unmeasured Ca inputs from rock breakdown, root-zone deepening, and dry deposition; these should not be expected to make up the Ca deficit. Acid precipitation may be the cause of current high leaching of Ca. Although Ca deficiency does not generally occur now in acid forest soils, it seems likely if anthropogenic leaching and intensive harvest removal continue.     

PREDICTING MEASUREMENT ERROR OF AREAL MEAN PRECIPITATION DURING EXTREME EVENTS1

ABSTRACT: The areal mean precipitation (AMP) over a catchment is normally calculated using point measurements at rainfall gages. Error in AMP estimates occurs when an insufficient number of gages are used to sample precipitation which is highly variable in space. AMP error is investigated using historic, severe rainfalls with a set of hypothetical catchments and raingage networks. The potential magnitude of error is estimated for typical gage network densities and arrangements. Possible sources of error are evaluated, and a method is proposed for predicting the magnitude of error using data that are commonly available for severe, historic rainfall.     

四川酸性物湿沉降模式及预测

酸沉降是一复杂的大气物理和化学过程，涉及诸多复杂影响因素。目前，我国酸雨湿沉降模式还仅限于模拟云下洗脱成酸过程，而对云中的成酸过程还未进行深入研究，这不仅在理论上不完善，而且更重要是在许多情况下与我省实际情况不符。本课题针对四川省特定的地理，气象特点和严重的大气污染情况，并借鉴国外研究成果，提出了考虑酸性沉降的云中和云下成酸过程和各种影响因素的综合酸雨湿沉降模式，并根据此模式来估算和预测四川省酸雨