城市生活垃圾向土壤释放重金属研究

以南京为例，研究了城市生活垃圾对堆放环境土壤中重金属元素含量（总含量、各形态含量）的影响及其量比关系。结果表明，重金属元素在土壤中的含量和形态分布特征受其从垃圾中释放率的影响。自垃圾堆放环境土壤中释放的重金属含量与其有效态部分含量正相关。     

酒店服务业生命周期评价体系研究

生命周期评价被认为是解决环境污染问题,实现可持续性发展的重要工具。初步建立了酒店服务业生命周期评价模型,并详细地分析了酒店服务业生命周期评价的框架结构,讨论了生命周期评价在酒店服务业中的应用前景。酒店服务业生命周期评价体系必将成为未来酒店服务业实现可持续发展的主要工具。     

几种油气输送管材料的疲劳特性与管道寿命预测

针对油气输送管道的疲劳问题,选择管道工程中常用的螺旋缝埋弧焊管(SSAW)、高频电阻焊管(ERW)和直缝埋弧焊管(UOE)3种材料采用小试样对不同区域(管体、焊缝、热影响区)的疲劳裂纹扩展特性进行测试与对比研究.同时,采用自行研制的油气输送管全尺寸实物疲劳试验系统对含裂纹类缺陷的X60 SSAW焊管进行了水压实物疲劳试验,对含表面裂纹缺陷的输送管在承受内压疲劳载荷下表面裂纹的扩展规律进行了探索研究.建立了小试验疲劳试验与管道实物疲劳试验结果的相关性.该研究结果为管道的抗疲劳设计与评价、在役管道疲劳寿命的预测和检测周期的确定提供了依据.     

弹箭贮存寿命预测预报技术综述

概述了弹箭系统贮存寿命预测预报技术的研究现状及研究方法。对弹箭系统的橡胶构件、发射药、推进剂、固体发动机的贮存寿命预测预报技术进行了详细介绍。阐明了现有技术的优点及缺陷．并且表明针对不同的产品应选择适当的方法及条件才能得出相对比较可信的预估贮存寿命。     

Life cycle assessment of biofibres replacing glass fibres as reinforcement in plastics

This article aims to determine the environmental performance of China reed fibre used as a substitute for glass fibre as reinforcement in plastics and to identify key environmental parameters. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed on these two materials for an application to plastic transport pallets. Transport pallets reinforced with China reed fibre prove to be ecologically advantageous if they have a minimal lifetime of 3 years compared with the 5-year lifetime of the conventional pallet. The energy consumption and other environmental impacts are strongly reduced by the use of raw renewable fibres, due to three important factors: (a) the substitution of glass fibre production by the natural fibre production; (b) the indirect reduction in the use of polypropylene linked to the higher proportion of China reed fibre used and (c) the reduced pallet weight, which reduces fuel consumption during transport. Considering the whole life cycle, the polypropylene production process and the transport cause the strongest environmental impacts during the use phase of the life cycle. Since thermoplastic composites are hardly biodegradable, incineration has to be preferred to discharge on landfills at the end of its useful life cycle. The potential advantages of the renewable fibres will be effective only if a purer fibre extraction is obtained to ensure an optimal material stiffness, a topic for further research. China reed biofibres are finally compared with other usages of biomass, biomaterials, in general, can enable a three to ten times more efficient valorisation of biomass than mere heat production or biofuels for transport.     

生命周期评价在清洁生产领域的应用前景

生命周期评价(LCA)作为一种产品环境特征分析和决策支持工具,技术上已经日趋成熟,并在国际社会得到较广泛的应用.由于它也同时是一种有效的清洁生产工具,因而可以在我国清洁生产审计、产品生态设计、废物管理、生态工业等方面发挥应有的作用.目前应尽快引进和消化吸收国际上先进的LCA方法,建立符合中国国情的LCA方法学体系和数据支撑体系,并在此基础上开展各个领域、各种形式的应用研究与示范.      

The role of social media for sustainable development in mountain region tourism in Pakistan

This research letter focuses on tourist behavior and tourism business operators’ contributions to rural mountain region economic growth and sustainable development when using social media. Data were collected from 43 interviews from different tourism business operators, and a questionnaire survey of 576 tourists from the Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Drawing on development communication theory, the study reveals that there is a positive relationship between the tourists’ intentions and rural mountain region sustainable development. The study also reveals that most tourists are willing to pay more taxes when touring mountain regions. The real business outcomes from tourism business operators show that rural mountain region tourism creates better employment opportunities for the rural population. All tourists demonstrated the motivation to take part in rural mountain region sustainable development while touring rural locations. The study also offers policy implications.     

生命周期评价方法研究综述——兼论混合生命周期评价的发展与应用

生命周期评价(Life cycle assessment, LCA)随着其评价对象不断复杂化、系统化,逐渐发展出包含基于清单分析的过程生命周期评价(Process-based LCA, PLCA)、投入产出的生命周期评价(Economic input-output LCA, EIO-LCA)和混合生命周期评价(Hybrid LCA, HLCA)三种方法。论文简述了各类LCA方法的发展过程和特征,并结合实例分析了各自的优势与不足。结果认为:自下而上的PLCA方法针对性较好,其评价结果较为详细,但由于主观边界设定,核算结果存在无法避免的截断误差;自上而下的EIO-LCA方法采用投入产出表进行评价,边界为整个国民经济系统,但存在部门聚合、数据滞后等问题;HLCA结合PLCA与EIO-LCA两种方法,既保持了结果的精准性,又消除了截断误差。研究最后总结并提出未来HLCA的发展方向,以期为LCA方法的进一步发展提供参考。     

钢铁工业固废应用于水泥生产的降耗与减排

运用物质流分析法定量比较原生水泥与再生水泥生产过程中的物能代谢和环境负荷,并采用生命周期分析进行环境影响评价。结果表明：生产1 t原生水泥需要的直接物质投入是1.637 t;消耗原煤0.086 t/标准煤,消耗电力0.067 t/标准煤。利用钢铁工业固废生产功能单位再生水泥,可减少资源投入0.16 t;减少能源消耗0.036 t;环境排放SO2减排0.000 2 t;粉尘减排0.001 t;烟尘减排0.000 12 t;NOx减排0.000 34 t;CO2减排0.231 t。水泥生产潜在的各类环境影响中以废气排放引起的温室效应最大;其次依次是酸化效应和不可再生资源消耗;光化学烟雾和人体健康损害在水泥生产过程中的影响都相对较小。与原生水泥相比,再生水泥各环境负荷均呈下降趋势,两者总体环境负荷差值为6.93E-15。研究结果充分说明钢铁工业固废资源化可以明显的降低水泥生产的总体环境负荷,是促进水泥行业循环经济发展的有效手段。     

基于LCA的建材生产能耗及污染物排放清单分析

利用生命周期方法,通过清单建模及计算,分析了12种建材产品生产的生命周期能耗与大气污染物排放.清单分析包括能源上游阶段、运输阶段和建材生产阶段;同时考虑了直接能耗、直接污染物排放以及间接能耗、间接污染物排放;并使用“迭代”法对能源上游阶段进行清单分析.清单输出结果表明:钢材生产的生命周期总能耗和CO₂排放量最大,分别为34.83 GJ/t和3 493 kg/t;草砖生产的生命周期总能耗和CO₂排放量最小,分别为0.14 GJ/t和11 kg/t,说明其环境友好性最佳.