电容电流对供电系统的影响及消除措施

结合单位供电系统现状,对在小电流接地系统中发生接地故障时电弧产生的原理、对供电系统安全的影响及通过消弧线圈进行消除的措施进行了阐述。     

脉冲电吸附技术深度脱氮及分子动力学模拟

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水的氮素指标达不到国家一级A排放标准的问题,采用脉冲开关电源代替了传统电吸附中的直流稳压电源,用活性炭粉末为吸附材料制备电极板,构建了脉冲电吸附反应装置.以NO₃^--N和NH₃-N的去除率为判据,比较了脉冲电吸附法和直流电吸附法在去除模拟废水中氮素的差异,结果表明,60min内,脉冲电吸附法有更高的去除效率,且在脉冲电场占空比50%、频率10⁴Hz的条件下,氮素的去除率最高.利用分子动力学模拟分析得知,在脉冲电场下,水分子中氢、氧原子的取向更随机,相比于直流电场,水分子偶极矩的取向极化作用被弱化,减小了离子的传质阻力,从而提高离子迁移效率.     

Mechanism of ball milled activated carbon in improving the desalination performance of flow- and fixed-electrode in capacitive deionization desalination

● BACs were used in electrode material for both fixed and flowing electrodes. ● ASAR of FCDI and MCDI was improved by 134% and 17%, respectively. ● ENRS of FCDI and MCDI was improved by 21% and 53%. ● The mechanism of improving desalination performance was analyzed in detail. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a novel electrochemical water-treatment technology. The electrode material is an important factor in determining the ion separation efficiency. Activated carbon (AC) is extensively used as an electrode material; however, there are still many deficiencies in commercial AC. We adopted a simple processing method, ball milling, to produce ball milled AC (BAC) to improve the physical and electrochemical properties of the original AC and desalination efficiency. The BAC was characterized in detail and used for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) and flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) electrode materials. After ball milling, the BAC obtained excellent pore structures and favorable surfaces for ion adsorption, which reduced electron transfer resistance and ion migration resistance in the electrodes. The optimal ball-milling time was 10 h. However, the improved effects of BAC as fixed electrodes and flow electrodes are different and the related mechanisms are discussed in detail. The average salt adsorption rates (ASAR) of FCDI and MCDI were improved by 134% and 17%, respectively, and the energy-normalized removal salt (ENRS) were enhanced by 21% and 53%, respectively. We believe that simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly BAC has great potential for practical engineering applications of FCDI and MCDI.     

Fluoride removal using capacitive deionization process employing carbon electrodes

Contamination of groundwater with fluoride poses adverse health impacts for humans. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of capacitive deionization process for fluoride removal from groundwater. In this study, composition of binder content was optimized and the experiments were performed using a lab scale batch reactor. Effect of initial ionic concentration on the removal efficiency was also studied. The electrodes were also evaluated for their efficiency to remove arsenic. The maximum fluoride removal efficiency obtained was 99.1% for the PVDF content of 15% (w/w) whereas for arsenic it was only 52%. The voltage applied across the electrodes was only 1.2V. Electrodes were tested for their physical strength and their characterization was done using Scanning Electron Microscope. Sorption kinetics of the electrodes was also investigated and was found that the adsorption followed elovich model most closely.