Associations of trace elements in aerosol at the south Adriatic coast

We applied statistical methods to the data of a 5-year sampling period to characterize the features of trace elements in airborne particulate matter at the South Adriatic Coast. The analysis of surface soil samples was also performed. The data were processed by cluster analysis, enrichment factor determination and receptor rose statistics. It is shown that the principal element association consists of Fe, Mn and Ti originating from surface material resuspension. Hg and Se were shown to originate from more complex natural and anthropogenic processes. A strong emission source of Cd and Se was identified in the SSE direction.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organized by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic.     

Clustering of aerosols in atmospheric turbulent flow

A mechanism of formation of small-scale inhomogeneities in spatial distributions of aerosols and droplets associated with clustering instability in the atmospheric turbulent flow is discussed. The particle clustering is a consequence of a spontaneous breakdown of their homogeneous space distribution due to the clustering instability, and is caused by a combined effect of the particle inertia and a finite correlation time of the turbulent velocity field. In this paper a theoretical approach proposed in Elperin et al. (2002) Phys Rev E 66:036302 is further developed and applied to investigate the mechanisms of formation of small-scale aerosol inhomogeneities in the atmospheric turbulent flow. The theory of the particle clustering instability is extended to the case when the particle Stokes time is larger than the Kolmogorov time scale, but is much smaller than the correlation time at the integral scale of turbulence. We determined the criterion of the clustering instability for the Stokes number larger than 1. We discussed applications of the analyzed effects to the dynamics of aerosols and droplets in the atmospheric turbulent flow.     

中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应数值模拟

硫酸盐气溶胶对地球系统能量收支平衡和全球气候变化有重要影响.本研究基于中国2007年二氧化硫排放清单,应用Can METOP、OPAC和SBDART模型,对中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应及其空间分布和时间变化进行分析.结果表明,2007年中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应全年波动范围在-9.1~0.0008 W·m~(-2)之间,全国年均值为-1.372 W·m~(-2),低于全球均值(-0.35 W·m~(-2)),其中华东地区最强为-5.017 W·m~(-2),西北地区最弱仅为-0.22 W·m~(-2),该空间分布主要受SO_2排放的空间差异及西风导致的向东溢出效应影响.同时,除华南之外的绝大多数地区夏季辐射效应最强、冬季最弱,这主要由SO_2向硫酸盐的转化率及相对湿度的季节差异决定.本研究有助于了解中国硫酸盐气溶胶及其气候效应的时空差异,对评估硫酸盐气溶胶的气候效应有重要意义.     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

青岛近海不同污染过程下大气颗粒态氮磷浓度分布特征

2018年3月~2019年10月在青岛近海连续采集了大气气溶胶样品,测定出样品中溶解无机氮（DIN）、溶解无机磷（DIP）、溶解态总氮（DTN）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的浓度分别为（7.13±6.59）μg·m^-3、（17.42±9.88）ng·m^-3、（8.34±7.03）μg·m^-3、（25.59±13.67）ng·m^-3、（10.68±10.59）μg·m^-3和（76.34±51.79）ng·m^-3.结果表明,受排放源强度、气团来源和气象条件等因素影响,采样期间气溶胶中不同形态氮磷浓度变化范围较大,DIN、DTN和TN呈现秋季浓度最高,春季和冬季次之,夏季浓度最低的季节变化特征;DIP、DTP浓度与氮组分具有相似的季节变化,表现为秋季高,夏季低,而TP浓度在春季最高,夏季最低.霾天气溶胶中不同形态氮磷浓度较晴天对照天均显著增加,DIN、DTN和TN较对照天分别提高了4.3、3.8和4.5倍,而DIP、DTP和TP较对照天分别提高了1.9、1.9和1.2倍,但不同时期霾天样品的氮组分浓度增长幅度相差较大,其中采暖期与非采暖期霾天气溶胶中DIN/DTN的值分别为（92.65±4.09）%和（80.52±8.42）%,较对照天分别提高了8.87%和4.83%;而采暖期与非采暖期霾天气溶胶中DTN/TN值分别为（73.41±12.18）%和（80.36±4.72）%,较对照天分别降低了13.35%和5.92%.霾天气溶胶中DIP占DTP的比重较对照天仅提高了1.47%,但变化较为复杂,随霾天不同而有较大差异;受气团来源、相对湿度和大气酸化过程等因素影响,气溶胶中DTP/TP的值较对照天提高了10.58%.受沙尘事件影响的气溶胶中DIN、DTN和TN的浓度较对照天分别提高了2.5、2.6和2.6倍,DIP、DTP和TP的浓度较对照天分别提高了4.0、2.8和7.2倍.     

兰州市春季微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径及细菌群落结构分布特性

分析了兰州市春季不同时段微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径和细菌群落结构组成的差异,探讨气象条件和空气污染物对微生物气溶胶分布的影响.结果表明,兰州市春季空气环境中总微生物、细菌、真菌和放线菌浓度均值分别为（2730±376）、（2243±354）、（349±38）和（138±22） CFU·m^-3,其中,细菌占82.16%,明显高于真菌和放线菌（P<0.05）.08：00~09：00时段总微生物、细菌和放线菌浓度明显高于18：00~19：00时段,微生物气溶胶浓度变化明显受气象条件和空气污染物的影响.细菌和真菌气溶胶粒子主要分布在前4级（>2.1 μm）,分别占85.13%和83.26%,而放线菌主要集中在后4级（<4.7 μm）上,占73.15%.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,08：00~09：00和18：00~19：00时段细菌群落结构组成差异不显著（P>0.05）.乳球菌属（Lactococcus）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为优势菌属,肠球菌属（Enterococcus）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和产气荚膜梭菌（Clostridium perfringens）等是兰州市春季空气环境的潜在病原菌.本研究结果为揭示兰州市春季微生物气溶胶污染状况以及相关病原菌对人类健康的潜在危害提供基础数据.     

Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO2

Incorporating the missing heterogeneous oxidation of S(IV) by NO₂ into the WRF-Chem model. Sulfate production is not sensitive to increase in SO₂ emission. The newly added reaction reproduces sulfate concentrations well during winter haze. We implemented the online coupled WRF-Chem model to reproduce the 2013 January haze event in North China, and evaluated simulated meteorological and chemical fields using multiple observations. The comparisons suggest that temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simulated well (mean biases are -0.2K and 2.7%, respectively), but wind speeds were overestimated (mean bias is 0.5 m?s⁻¹). At the Beijing station, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were overpredicted and sulfate concentrations were largely underpredicted, which may result from uncertainties in SO₂ emissions and missing heterogeneous oxidation in current model. We conducted three parallel experiments to examine the impacts of doubling SO₂ emissions and incorporating heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on sulfate formation during winter haze. The results suggest that doubling SO₂ emissions do not significantly affect sulfate concentrations, but adding heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by NO₂ substantially improve simulations of sulfate and other inorganic aerosols. Although the enhanced SO₂ to sulfate conversion in the HetS (heterogeneous oxidation by NO₂) case reduces SO₂ concentrations, it is still largely overestimated by the model, indicating the overestimations of SO₂ concentrations in the North China Plain (NCP) are mostly due to errors in SO₂ emission inventory.     

Occupational exposures,delivered doses and exposure limits for chromium and nickel†

The interaction of HCH (50 mg/kg) and dietary protein levels on microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes system and liver lipids were studied in the rats for 90 days. The results indicated that rats fed a lower protein diet and HCH has a higher rate of mortality, lower rate of growth and an increased liver weight. A significant induction in the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine‐N‐demethylase, p‐nitroanisole‐O‐dealkylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activity was observed in pesticide treated animals as compared to control animals. The pathological changes observed in liver of HCH treated animals consisted mainly of necrosis and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. HCH also induced the significant accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid and total lipid in liver in low protein diet animals. Protein accelerates the metabolism of HCH, resulting in a decrease of HCH concentration with the increase of dietary protein level. A close correlation existed between lipid accumulation, induction of drug metabolizing enzyme system and deposition of HCH in liver.     

2019年秋季南京北郊气溶胶光学特性研究

于2019年11月1日-12月4日在南京北郊对气溶胶光学特性进行观测研究,使用三波长光声黑碳光谱仪（PASS-3）对气溶胶吸收系数β_abs和散射系数β_sca进行了实时在线观测.结果表明,532 nm处的β_abs和β_sca平均值分别为（31.58±16.84）Mm^-1和（168.46±127.09）Mm^-1,均低于南京以往的观测值.β_abs和β_sca的日变化呈双峰型,早晚高峰均与交通排放有关.除早晚高峰以外,β_sca在13：00-14：00略有回升,这与二次气溶胶的生成有关.本次观测期间气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数在风向为东风、东南风和西风时易出现高值,东风、东南风时受到本地排放的影响,西风时受到外地污染物传输的影响,气溶胶的消光物质主要集中在细粒子上.对观测期间典型污染过程的分析表明,高湿度、低风速的不利扩散条件下本地污染排放与西北向污染气团传输的叠加,使得气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数出现连续高值.吸收系数主要受交通排放影响,而工业源和交通源排放的SO₂、NO_x等气态污染物经过大气光化学氧化或液相氧化形成的二次气溶胶及其吸湿增长是导致散射系数增强的主要原因.     

深圳市商业厨房排放非甲烷碳氢化合物污染特征研究

随着我国餐饮业的快速发展,餐饮源逐渐成为城市大气非甲烷碳氢（NMHCs）的主要来源之一.因此,深入研究餐饮源NMHCs的排放特征是餐饮业科学减排的重要基础.本研究采集了深圳市6类典型餐馆（西式快餐、茶餐厅、职工食堂、湘菜馆、浙菜馆和家常菜馆）排放的NMHCs,并分析了其相应的排放特征、排放因子（EF）、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAp）.结果显示,6类餐馆排放NMHCs中,茶餐厅、家常菜馆和浙菜馆排放的烷烃浓度最高,而西式快餐和职工食堂排放的烯烃浓度最高,湘菜馆油烟中烷烃和烯烃浓度相近.采用灶台数及用油量作为EF的核算基准,结果显示西式快餐和职工食堂的EF较高.餐饮排放的NMCHs中乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯、间/对二甲苯、甲苯及癸烷的OFP最高,而环己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷和正癸烷则具有较高的SOA生成潜势.此外,甲苯和苯不仅具有高的O₃生成潜势,还对SOA的生成有明显贡献,是油烟中值得重点关注的污染物.