动静组合加载作用下块系岩体动力响应分析

深部复杂地质条件下,煤岩破碎更趋呈块系岩体,在动载作用下易于产生超低摩擦效应并失稳诱发煤岩动力灾害。采用FLAC-3D软件模拟块系岩体在垂直冲击载荷和水平静力共同作用下的动力响应,深入分析块系岩体超低摩擦效应发生机理,得到垂直冲击载荷和水平静力共同作用对工作块体位移和应力的影响规律,确定了块系岩体产生残余位移和超低摩擦效应的水平静力特征值条件。研究结果表明:仅垂直冲击载荷作用时,冲击载荷作用强度对残余位移影响并不明显;垂直冲击载荷和水平静力共同作用下,水平静力与残余位移曲线呈半抛物线关系;不同垂直冲击载荷作用下,产生残余位移的突变点不同,且当施加的水平静力处于不同特征值区间时,工作块体运动状态随之不同。     

超深竖井掘进岩爆特征及防治措施

由于会泽矿3#超深竖井（施工深度达1 526 m）的工程地质条件,在竖井开挖到一定深度后有不同程度的岩爆现象显现,其中两次比较严重的岩爆发生的位置埋深较深,井筒深度达到1 400 m以上。为此建立了井壁地应力监测系统,对岩爆的发生进行预测。根据井壁周边不同深度布置的4个点处的应力变化曲线分析,总结了地应力分布规律,4#位置（东偏南70°）井壁受测压力最大,最大水平主应力可以达到120 MPa以上,其方位与最大主应力方向相符。结合3#竖井工程岩爆现象的分析,以及岩爆发生的特征,给出了预防岩爆所采取的工程措施,为此类工程施工制定岩爆防治措施提供了科学依据。     

水库疏浚底泥农用对芥菜生长和品质的影响

疏浚底泥重金属污染是限制底泥农用的主要因素。采用土培盆栽试验,研究了底泥与土壤按不同质量比混合,对芥菜生物量、重金属、硝酸盐、维生素C（Vc）、以及可溶性糖含量的影响;并研究了m（底泥）：m（土壤）=2：1时,施加20mg·kg-1的碳酸钙对土壤有效态重金属含量影响,以及对芥菜生物量和品质的影响。结果表明：加入水库底泥可以显著促进芥菜的生长,随着底泥加入比例的增加,芥菜地上部生物量表现出先上升后降低的趋势,以m（底泥）：m（土壤）=2：1芥菜地上部生物量最高,是对照的1.71倍。底泥处理均能显著地增加芥菜地上部重金属含量,其中以全底泥处理芥菜地上部鲜质量Zn、Cd质量分数最高,分别是53.3、0.595mg·kg-1,是食品卫生标准的2.67、2.98倍。施用底泥可以提高芥菜地上部Vc、降低其硝酸盐含量。在m（底泥）：m（土壤）=2：1的土壤上,施入20mg·kg-1的碳酸钙处理可以显著降低土壤有效态重金属质量分数,有效态Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数分别下降到对照的58.7%、75.4%、59.8%、44.0%,从而有效地降低了芥菜对重金属的吸收积累,施加碳酸钙处理后,芥菜地上部Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd分别下降66.1%、83.2%、70.5%、53.1%。施加碳酸钙处理不仅可以促进芥菜生长还可以提高芥菜品质,与对照相比施加20mg·kg-1的碳酸钙处理后,芥菜生物量、可溶性糖质量分数、Vc质量分数分别增加了3.2%、6.0%、27.5%,而地上部硝酸盐质量分数降低了24.4%。     

Environmental Pollution Due to Natural Factors: A Case Study in A Volcanic Area (Vulcano Island, Italy)

A major influence on the environment of active volcanic areas is expected from continuous input of chemical species pertaining to fumarolic activities occurring during inter-eruptive intervals.

The systematic investigations carried out during thirteen years in the island of Vulcano (Italy) showed also substantial contributions to phreatic waters and soils of minor constituents and trace metals from volcanic rocks with no negligible influence on growing crops.

Greater extents of these phenomena have been observed for products of hydromagmatic volcanic activity or of long-lasting weathering processes.     

CALCIUM CARBONATE PRECIPITATION AND TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS IN OTISCO LAKE,NEW YORK1

ABSTRACT: Calcium carbonate precipitate, known as “whiting,” forms in a large number of hard water lakes and reservoirs, and thus contributes to turbidity measurements in these systems. Here we document the occurrence of “whitings,” and the associated impact on turbidity, in Otisco Lake, New York. A simple, potentially broadly applicable, technique, measurement of turbidity before and after acidification, successfully quantified this component of turbidity in the lake. Calcium carbonate represented 32 percent of the turbidity in the upper waters of Otisco Lake for a three-month period, and at times was as much as 70 percent. Routine monitoring of this component of turbidity in raw water sources, where it is significant, should provide insight into water quality management and treatment plant operations.     

粤北岩溶区星子河流域水化学离子特征及其时空变化分析

星子河流域位于粤西北典型岩溶区,岩溶地貌类型发育齐全。该流域是北江最大支流连江的上游源头,其水资源状况在粤西北和珠江三角洲核心区社会和经济发展中扮演着重要的角色。因此弄清楚其水质状况及其变化规律,非常必要而且具有重要的经济和社会意义。鉴于此,分冬夏季系统采集星子河流域水样进行分析和处理。结果表明:该流域Ca2+和HCO3-含量在水化学中占绝对优势,Ca2+占阳离子平均质量浓度70%以上,HCO3-占阴离子平均质量浓度的80%以上;其次是Mg2+和SO42-,分别约占阳离子和阴离子总量的12%和8%,属于软水和弱矿化度水;星子河流域水化学类型以碳酸盐岩石风化物质和蒸发岩溶解物质来源为主的HCO3--Ca2+、HCO3--Ca2+·Mg2+型,只有很少水样表现为HCO3-·SO42--Ca2+型;从Gibbs图的分析可知:星子河流域水化学组分主要来源于岩石风化,是岩石风化控制型,大气降水输入和蒸发-浓缩作用对该流域水化学离子的贡献有限;该流域水化学时间变化上表现出明显的降水稀释效应,大部分离子组分冬季含量高于夏季;相关分析表明星子河流域水化学空间变化特征明显,岩溶地质背景深刻的影响着其水文地球化学特征。     

碳酸盐岩风化形成的土壤剖面上氟的分布及影响因素

选择贵州省新蒲、平坝和罗吏地区的3个碳酸盐岩原地就位风化成土剖面为研究对象,通过对剖面土壤中氟形态、矿物组成、主量地球化学元素和理化性质等的测定实验,讨论了土壤剖面中氟的赋存形态、分布特征及与影响机制。结果表明:罗吏、平坝和新蒲3个剖面残渣态氟含量分别介于896~1 667 mg/kg、897~2 827 mg/kg和1 386~2 852 mg/kg之间,均占各剖面总氟含量的98%以上,3个碳酸盐岩风化形成的土壤剖面中氟主要为残渣结合态;除罗吏剖面外,其它几个剖面吸附性强的无定形铁铝氧化物、结晶态铁铝氧化物与氟含量皆无显著中度以上正相关,有机碳甚至在三个剖面中和氟显著负相关,表明吸附作用对氟富集的贡献有限;次生粘土矿物是氟的主要载体,且主要以残渣态的形式存在于粘土矿物的晶格中,但氟含量与粘粒含量相关性并不显著;采用SPSS软件对氟与各种理化性质进行多元逐步回归分析,回归方程表明镁对氟富集具有重要作用。     

贵州煤矿酸性废水“被动处理”技术的新方法探讨

论文在综述国内外有关酸性矿山废水治理的现行技术和方法的基础上,围绕贵州煤矿废水排放的现状及特点,把贵州煤矿废水归纳为两种主要类型,并针对性地提出两种预防和治理矿山酸性排水的方法:对正在开采矿山实行碳酸盐岩充填采空区技术,避免酸性矿山水外排;对废弃矿山排水采取坑口"(有氧/缺氧)垂向折流式反应池"技术,对酸性废水进行有效治理。     

Cationic organobismuth complex as an effective catalyst for conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates

In order to achieve high-efficiency conversion of CO₂ into valuable chemicals, and to exploit new applications of organobismuth compounds, cationic organobismuth complex with 5,6,7,12-tetrahydrodibenz[c,f][1,5] azabismocine framework was examined for the first time for the coupling of CO₂ into cyclic carbonates, using terminal epoxides as substrates and tetrabutylammonium halide as co-catalyst in a solvent-free environment under mild conditions. It is shown that the catalyst exhibited high activity and selectivity for the coupling reaction of CO₂ with a wide range of terminal epoxide. The selectivity of propylene carbonates could reach 100%, and the maximum turnover frequency was up to 10740 h⁻¹ at 120°C and 3 MPa CO₂ pressure when tetrabutylammonium iodide was used as co-catalyst. Moreover, the catalyst is environment friendly, resistant to air and water, and can be readily reused and recycled without any loss of activity, demonstrating a potential in industrial application.     

Experimental study on sediment-copper distributions in hyper-concentrated turbulent solid-liquid system

This study presents a special problem on vertical distribution for sediment and copper in hyper-concentrated turbulent solid-liquid system that is essentially different from the ordinary low-concentrated turbulent system. A resonance type turbulent simulation equipment is used for the experimental study in which a vertically uniform turbulent field of the mixture of loess and water is produced in a testing cylinder with a grille stirrer that moves up and down harmoniously with varying vibration frequencies, in order to compare the variations of the vertical profiles of sediment and copper in low- and hyper-concentratod solid-liquid system, different scenarios for input sediment content ranging from 5 to 800 kg/m^3 was considered in the experimental studies. It was found that solids copper content increases with input sediment content, So, and reaches its peak as So goes to 10 kg/m^3 and then decreases rapidly with increasing input sediment content. Such a behavior is possibly resulted from the joint effect of the specific adsorption of copper on loess, precipitation of carbonate and hydroxide of copper due to high carbonate content in the loess and the so-called ＂particulate concentration effect＂ due to the present of the sediment variation in water. The vertical sediment concentration distribution resulted from the uniform turbulence is generally uniform, but slight non-uniformity does occur as sediment concentration exceeds certain value. However, the vertical concentration distributions of soluble copper seem not to be affected much by the variation of sediment concentrations.