Limits of monetization in protecting ecosystem services

The monetary valuation of ecosystem services is gaining traction in policy and business communities. Several tools and decision‐making processes have been proposed, including criteria to assess the appropriateness of using monetary valuation for biodiversity conservation outcomes. These criteria include measures such as scale, uniqueness, and threat. We used case studies of monetization projects for which the outcomes were measured to explore the limitations and application of these criteria. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of such schemes. The majority of the schemes were established in areas where the criteria specifically excluded their use in isolation. Thus, although some aspects of monetization may be beneficial for biodiversity conservation, these schemes were not being used appropriately and require some quantitative minimum (or maximum) measurements to be applied through additional policy or governance measures to ensure biodiversity conservation outcomes.     

Evolutionary governance choice for corporate social responsibility: a forestry campaign case in South Korea

Firms select different governance types (e.g. internalisation, outsourcing or collaboration) for corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. This paper examined how the choice of CSR governance type is influenced by social factors and organisational experiences and how changes in these factors affect the governance choice. These questions are especially meaningful in the context of developing countries with weak institutional environments and recent social change. With the unique phenomenon that is not readily explainable in terms of the extant theoretical groundwork on CSR governance choice, a case study of a South Korean forestry campaign by Yuhan-Kimberly was analysed. It was found that social circumstances triggered Yuhan-Kimberly's initiation of forestry projects, but the absence of social infrastructure limited the choice of governance type early on. Lack of experience also constrained the governance choice. Over time, environmental change and the accumulation of organisational knowledge caused the choice of governance to evolve. This study contributes to the CSR governance choice literature by exploring social and organisational determinants other than economic efficiency and by applying a dynamic perspective.     

Social dimensions of science–humanitarian collaboration: lessons from Padang,Sumatra, Indonesia

This paper contains a critical exploration of the social dimensions of the science–humanitarian relationship. Drawing on literature on the social role of science and on the social dimensions of humanitarian practice, it analyses a science–humanitarian partnership for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia, an area threatened by tsunamigenic earthquakes. The paper draws on findings from case study research that was conducted between 2010 and 2011. The case study illustrates the social processes that enabled and hindered collaboration between the two spheres, including the informal partnership of local people and scientists that led to the co‐production of earthquake and tsunami DRR and limited organisational capacity and support in relation to knowledge exchange. The paper reflects on the implications of these findings for science–humanitarian partnering in general, and it assesses the value of using a social dimensions approach to understand scientific and humanitarian dialogue.     

煤矿应急管理集成信息系统设计

针对目前煤矿企业在应急管理中存在的问题,通过对国内外应急管理技术的研究成果的学习和总结,进行煤矿应急管理信息系统的需求分析,在对应急管理的理论流程、基于案例推理（CBR）等理论进行深入研究的基础上,将人工智能、关键链方法和计划调度相关理论应用到人员管理和应急计划的制定和实施过程中,结合J2EE、SOA、GIS和GPS等技术,实现煤矿应急管理信息系统功能设计与集成设计,并借此推进煤矿企业在应急管理方面的发展,将事前预警与事后响应相结合,降低煤矿突发事件的危害程度。     

Offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships

PROBLEM: Tragic marine and offshore accidents have caused serious consequences including loss of lives, loss of property, and damage of the environment. METHOD: A proactive, risk-based "goal setting" regime is introduced to the marine and offshore industries to increase the level of safety. DISCUSSION: To maximize marine and offshore safety, risks need to be modeled and safety-based decisions need to be made in a logical and confident way. Risk modeling and decision-making tools need to be developed and applied in a practical environment. SUMMARY: This paper describes both the offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships in detail with particular reference to the design aspects. The current practices and the latest development in safety assessment in both the marine and offshore industries are described. The relationship between the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment is described and discussed. Three examples are used to demonstrate both the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The study of risk criteria in marine and offshore safety assessment is carried out. The recommendations on further work required are given. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This paper gives safety engineers in the marine and offshore industries an overview of the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The significance of moving toward a risk-based "goal setting" regime is given.     

Environmental Effects of In Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Inland and Upland Habitats

In situ burning of inland and upland habitats is an alternative oil spill cleanup technique that, when used appropriately, may be more environmentally acceptable than intrusive manual, mechanical, and chemical treatments. There have been few published reports documenting the environmental effects of in situ burning in inland and upland habitats. Thus, this study, sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, used two approaches to increase the knowledge base and improve the appropriate use of in situ burning: (1) detailed review of published and unpublished in situ burn case histories for inland and upland spills; and (2) summaries of fire effects and other information from the literature on fire ecology and prescribed burning. Thirty-one case histories were summarized to identify the state of the practice concerning the reasons for burning, favorable conditions for burning, and evaluations of burn effects. The fire ecology and effects summaries included information from the extensive knowledge base surrounding wildfire and prescribed burning (without oil) as a natural resource management tool, as well as fire tolerance and burning considerations for dominant vegetation types of the United States. Results from these two approaches should improve the application of in situ burning for inland and upland spills.     

江西省自然灾害链实例分析及综合减灾对策

通过对2002年江西省自然灾害进行综合实例分析,提出了大部分自然灾害是以气候变化和气象灾害为始发源头,并以灾害链形式演变发展的成灾规律,在此基础上探讨了自然灾害的成灾机制,并提出了综合防灾减灾对策.     

碳足迹分析方法研究综述

随着全球气候变暖日益引起各国政府和公众的普遍关注,碳足迹分析方法成为近年来学术界的新兴研究热点之一。碳足迹分析是一种评价碳排放影响的全新测度方法,其从生命周期的角度揭示不同对象的碳排放过程,具体衡量某种产品全生命周期或某种活动过程中直接和间接相关的碳排放量,为探索合理有效的温室气体减排途径提供科学依据。文章对国内外现有的碳足迹研究进行了系统的回顾,重点介绍了碳足迹的定义、计算方法和应用案例。其中碳足迹计算方法主要包括过程分析法和投入产出法。应用案例主要从不同尺度的碳足迹研究与特定产业/部门的碳足迹分析来阐述。最后,针对当前碳足迹的研究现状和研究趋势,从碳足迹的概念内涵、计算方法、研究尺度及研究内容等四个方面对碳足迹研究进行了展望,以期推动我国碳足迹模型的理论与实践的发展。     

石化项目环境风险评价——以某拟建渣油催化裂解制丙烯等化工原料项目为例

以某拟建的渣油催化裂解制丙烯等化工原料项目为例,对石化项目环境风险评价的要点进行了分析,对项目的重大风险源进行了识别,并给出了最大可信事故及源强的确定方法,分别采用世界银行推荐的TNO气团爆炸公式及非正常状态下的面源模式对确定的最大可信事故后果进行预测,给出了风险计算和评价风险管理的结果.     

可燃药筒吸水性研究

采用称量法研究了某卷制结构可燃药筒干燥脱水特性和吸水特性,筒壁材料的干燥失水率与干燥时间的关系,平衡吸水量与环境湿度的关系以及试样厚度对吸水速率的影响.结果表明,可燃药筒筒壁在烘干条件下失水达到恒定的时间以及在常温潮湿环境下达到湿度平衡的时间随试样厚度的增加而延长;在潮湿环境中的平衡吸水量随环境的相对湿度增加而增加,在...