An energetic perspective on the relationship between disturbance and ecosystem productivity

Previous ecological models for disturbance from energetic perspectives have focused on destructive pulses by which storages in a system are quickly drained during disturbance events and recovered thereafter. However, considering the wide range of disturbance intensities, frequencies, and durations in nature, disturbance effects on ecosystem energetics would be better understood by diversifying the disturbance effects on specific system configurations or energy pathways. Based on two hypotheses, we built simulation models of the variable disturbance-productivity relationships observed in a freshwater aquatic microcosm study. First, we hypothesized that disturbances will differentially alter the intrinsic rates of energy pathways in a system. Second, we hypothesized that there is a disturbance threshold where response of the intrinsic rates changes abruptly. Simulation results showed variable patterns of gross primary productivity (GPP) during the disturbance and post-disturbance periods under the diverse scenarios of disturbance effects on the intrinsic rates. Simulation results confirmed that the second hypothesis (i.e., disturbance threshold) was essential to achieve a U-shaped or peaked disturbance-productivity relationship. We evaluated the models by comparing them with the results of the microcosm tests, and suggested possible mechanisms of the variable disturbance-productivity relationships by varying parameters related to the disturbance effects on the intrinsic rates and the disturbance thresholds.     

内源性气态SO2对大鼠血管的舒张作用及其机制IV： SO2对血压的调节与信号通路

为探讨内源性二氧化硫(SO2)对动脉血压的影响及其信号转导通路,采用大鼠颈动、静脉插管技术研究SO2对动脉压调节作用,通过离体血管环灌流试验观察SO2对NE引起的主动脉血管环收缩作用的影响,用生物化学方法与实时定量RT-PCR技术研究SO2对离体血管一氧化氮(NO)生成、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和基因表达的调节作用。结果表明：(1)静脉注入SO2(20和60 μmol·kg-1体重)可立即引起大鼠动脉血压剂量依赖性显著下降,而相同剂量的亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液(摩尔比为3:1)未见影响;(2)SO2对NE的缩血管功能有显著抑制作用,使NE的量效曲线右移;(3)SO2能迅速促进内皮NOS(eNOS)的基因表达,增强eNOS的活性,但对诱导型NOS (iNOS)的活性未见影响;(4)SO2可迅速且显著增加主动脉组织的NO产量。此外,我们以前的研究也指出,低浓度SO2可引起内皮细胞膜BKCa离子通道开放。由此结论：内源性SO2是一种血管活性因子,对整体血压和血管张力具有调节作用;SO2对血管BKCa→eNOS→NO→cGMP信号通路的上调可能是其主要的作用机制。     

侧流FNA处理的CANON工艺恢复策略及脱氮路径

为探究侧流游离亚硝酸（FNA）处理后的颗粒-絮体污泥全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺重新建立的有效策略,采用序批式反应器（SBR）进行实验,探讨不同恢复方式对系统长期运行性能的影响,实现CANON工艺长期稳定运行.结果显示,不同恢复方式对CANON系统重新建立有很大影响,采用非原位高曝气恢复策略的R1经过19d的运行重新建立了稳定的CANON工艺,而采用原位低曝气恢复策略的R2和原位高曝气恢复策略的R3均未能有效重新建立稳定的CANON工艺.R1稳定运行34d时再次出现了亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）增殖的现象.定期水力筛分排出絮状污泥进行FNA处理,达到溶解氧（DO）控制+侧流FNA处理的“双抑制”,能够有效抑制NOB实现CANON工艺的长期稳定运行.典型周期分析结果表明,在恢复过程中,R1内氨氧化菌（AOB）、厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）活性均高于R2和R3,并且有效抑制了反应器内残余NOB的活性.随着R1中CANON工艺的重新建立,亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化（SNA）脱氮路径占比由第15d的8.91%增加到了第45d的19.39%,提高了NH₄⁺-N的去除率.     

吐温80对苏云金芽孢杆菌降解三苯基锡的促进机制

有关内分泌干扰物三苯基锡(TPhT)生物降解的强化措施和降解机制的报道较少,TPhT降解过程中脱苯反应是同步还是逐步发生还不明确.为阐明这些问题,研究了吐温80对苏云金芽孢杆菌降解TPhT及其降解产物的影响.结果表明,吐温80能明显提高TPhT在水中的溶解度.苏云金芽孢杆菌和80 mg·L-1吐温80共同处理1 mg·L-1TPhT 2 d后,TPhT残余浓度降至48.4%.降解过程,吐温80可显著地减少细胞内Na+、NH+4和Mg2+向胞外的释放,增加对细胞外Cl-、PO3-4和K+的吸收.代谢产物分析表明,苯基锡的生物降解始于苯环裂解,而不是苯环和锡原子之间共价键的分裂.TPhT中各苯环的开环反应可以单独进行,亦可同步发生,进而生成二苯基锡、一苯基锡和无机锡.     

推进生态文明 建设美丽中国

党的十八大报告描绘了全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义生态文明的宏伟蓝图,展现了"美丽中国"的动人画卷。在生态文明建设的高潮中,各地的做法对于我们更好地创新思路,推进"美丽中国"建设具有一定的借鉴意义。"绿色湖南"建设全面启动湖南省2013年将大力实施"绿色湖南"建设重点工程。"绿色湖南"建设重点工程是:农村沼气池建设工程;岩溶地区石漠     

In vitro assessment of thyroid hormone receptor activity of four organophosphate esters

Previous animal experiments have implied that organophosphate esters(OPEs) have a disruption effect on the thyroid endocrine system. However, knowledge of the toxicological mechanism remains limited. In this study, the activities of four OPEs have been characterized against the thyroid hormone(TH) nuclear receptor(TR) using two in vitro models, with the aim of evaluating their toxicity mechanisms towards the TR. The results of a TH-dependent cell proliferation assay showed that tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl)phosphate(TDCPP) could induce cell growth, while the other three OPEs had no effect. The results of a luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that all four of the OPEs tested in the current study showed agonistic activity towards TRβ, with TDCPP being the most potent one. Moreover, molecular docking revealed that all the tested OPEs could fit into the ligand binding pocket of TRβ, with TDCPP binding more effectively than the other three OPEs. Taken together, these data suggest that OPEs might disrupt the thyroid endocrine system via a mechanism involving the activation of TR.     

Biodegradation of pendimethalin by Bacillus subtilis Y3

A bacterium strain Y3,capable of efficiently degrading pendimethalin,was isolated from activated sludge and identified as Bacillus subtilis according to its phenotypic features and 16 S rRNA phylogenetic analysis.This strain could grow on pendimethalin as a sole carbon source and degrade 99.5%of 100 mg/L pendimethalin within 2.5 days in batch liquid culture,demonstrating a greater efficiency than any other reported strains.Three metabolic products,6-aminopendimethalin,5-amino-2-methyl-3-nitroso-4-(pentan-3-ylamino) benzoic acid,and 8-amino-2-ethyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-dihydroquinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid,were identified by HPLC-MS/MS,and a new microbial degradation pathway was proposed.A nitroreductase catalyzing nitroreduction of pendimethalin to 6-aminopendimethalin was detected in the cell lysate of strain Y3.The cofactor was nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) or more preferably nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH).The optimal temperature and pH for the nitroreductase were 30℃ and 7.5,respectively.Hg~(2+),Ni~(2+),Pb~(2+),Co~(2+),Mn~(2+) Cu~(2+),Ag~+,and EDTA severely inhibited the nitroreductase activity,whereas Fe~(2+),Mg~(2+),and Ca~(2+) enhanced it.This study provides an efficient pendimethalin-degrading microorganism and broadens the knowledge of the microbial degradation pathway of pendimethalin.     

多环芳香化合物生物降解及遗传学研究进展

多环芳香化合物广泛分布于水体、土壤和大气中,对人类的健康造成了严重的危害。利用生物技术对这类有机物进行降解是行之有效的新途径。文章综述了多环芳香化合物的降解菌株、降解途径及初始羟化双加氧酶的最新研究进展。     

Microbial indicators of heavy metal contamination in urban and rural soils

Urban soils and especially their microbiology have been a neglected area of study. In this paper, we report on microbial properties of urban soils compared to rural soils of similar lithogenic origin in the vicinity of Aberdeen city. Significant differences in basal respiration rates, microbial biomass and ecophysiological parameters were found in urban soils compared to rural soils. Analysis of community level physiological profiles (CLPP) of micro-organisms showed they consumed C sources faster in urban soils to maintain the same level activity as those in rural soils. Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni were the principal elements that had accumulated in urban soils compared with their rural counterparts with Pb being the most significant metal to distinguish urban soils from rural soils. Sequential extraction showed the final residue after extraction was normally the highest proportion except for Pb, for which the hydroxylamine-hydrochloride extractable Pb was the largest part. Acetic acid extractable fraction of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher in urban soils and aqua regia extractable fraction were lower suggesting an elevated availability of heavy metals in urban soils. Correlation analyses between different microbial indicators (basal respiration, biomass-C, and sole C source tests) and heavy metal fractions indicated that basal respiration was negatively correlated with soil Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn inputs while soil microbial biomass was only significantly correlated with Pb. However, both exchangeable and iron- and manganese-bound Ni fractions were mostly responsible for shift of the soil microbial community level physiological profiles (sole C source tests). These data suggest soil microbial indicators can be useful indicators of pollutant heavy metal stress on the health of urban soils.     

磁改性羊粪衍生ZVI-生物炭的制备及其活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7特性研究

以羊粪为原料，制备磁改性羊粪衍生ZVI-生物炭复合材料 （SMF₈₀₀），通过BET、SEM、XRD、N₂吸附-脱附等温线等对其表面形貌及晶体结构进行表征，并采用序批实验考查活化剂和过一硫酸盐 （PMS） 投加量、温度、溶液初始pH、无机阴离子等因素对AO7降解效率影响.结果表明，SMF₈₀₀拥有高度石墨化及多孔结构，在最佳条件下 （PMS=0.8 g·L^-1、SMF₈₀₀=0.5 g·L^-1、AO7=20 mg·L^-1、T=25 ℃），40 min内AO7能被完全降解，在弱酸条件下有利于脱色，且活化剂经过3次循环使用后仍具有良好的活化效率.猝灭实验和XPS测试结果表明，自由基 （SO4- ?、·OH、O₂^·- ） 和非自由基途径 （¹O₂） 协同作用于AO7的降解，其中以Fe⁰还原PMS产生SO4- ?的自由基途径占主导地位，以Fe⁰诱导碳电子、生物炭表面含氧官能团 （C-OH 和COOH） 激活PMS产生¹O₂为辅，而SMF₈₀₀石墨化及大量的sp²-C结构为电子转移提供良好的场所.综上，本研究设计制备了一种新型的生物炭基ZVI活化剂，以期为有机废水高效、低成本的处理方法提供新的技术支撑，同时也为粪源资源化利用提供新的途径.