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971.
Abstract: Stream and riparian managers must effectively allocate limited financial and personnel resources to monitor and manage riparian ecosystems. They need to use management strategies and monitoring methods that are compatible with their objectives and the response potential of each stream reach. Our objective is to help others set realistic management objectives by comparing results from different methods used to document riparian recovery across a diversity of stream types. The Bureau of Land Management Elko Field Office, Nevada, used stream survey, riparian proper functioning condition (PFC) assessment, repeat photographic analysis, and stream and ecological classification to study 10 streams within the Marys River watershed of northeast Nevada during all or parts of 20 years. Most riparian areas improved significantly from 1979 to 1992‐1993 and then additionally by 1997‐2000. Improvements were observed in riparian and habitat condition indices, bank cover, and stability, pool quality, bank angle, and depth of undercut bank. Interpretation of repeat photography generally confirmed results from stream survey and should be part of long‐term riparian monitoring. More attributes of Rosgen stream types C and E improved than of types B and F. A and Gc streams did not show significant improvement. Alluvial draws and alluvial valleys improved in more ways than V‐erosional canyons and especially V‐depositional canyons. Stream survey data could not be substituted for riparian PFC assessment. Riparian PFC assessments help interpret other data. 相似文献
972.
Different methods exist for measuring soil water and solute fluxes in and below the root zone and have been critically reviewed.
Besides indirect methods (e.g. water balance, tensiometer, time domain reflectometry – TDR, frequency domain reflectometry
– FDR, environmental tracer) direct methods (e.g. drainage-type lysimeter, water fluxmeter) have a long tradition and have
been successfully used in seepage research. A large weighable out door lysimeter is the best method for obtaining reliable
data about seepage water quantity and quality, but it involves significant investment and additional expenses for maintenance.
To tackle this problem new methods for the vertical collection of large volume soil monoliths (up to 6 m3) as well as for the horizontal collection (up to 6 m3) have been developed. For the placement of the lysimeter a container lysimeter unit was constructed, which is cheaper than
a conventional steel or concrete cellar. Furthermore, the technical design of the newly developed lysimeter types as a weighable
gravitation lysimeter, a weighable groundwater lysimeter and a lateral flow lysimeter are presented. 相似文献
973.
旅游景区解说设施研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了更好地促进旅游信息的传播与交流、旅游地形象的宣传、旅游学术思想的交流与共享、旅游产品的促销、旅游服务的完善与提高等,对旅游景区解说设施的功能、类型、解说效果、相关因素、流程进行了深入研究,提出了旅游景区解说设施的4个功能、2大类型,比较分析了各类型旅游解说设施的解说效果、解说设施及其相关要素的循环关系,以及旅游景区解说设施的规划流程。 相似文献
974.
Zaldibar B Cancio I Soto M Marigómez I 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):367-379
Changes in cell-type composition (CCTC) is a general phenomenon that takes place in the digestive gland epithelium of stressed molluscs. The aim of the present work was to determine whether CCTC is a reversible process in the digestive gland of sentinel slugs chronically exposed to metal pollution and how CCTC affects metal accumulation parameters and different cell and tissue biomarkers of exposure and effect. Slugs (Arion ater) from an abandoned zinc mine were transferred to a relatively unpolluted site and the other way around for 3, 10 and 28 d. The volume density of black silver deposits (VvBSD) after autometallography, and metallothionein (MT) levels were used as biomarkers of exposure to metals and CCTC and lysosomal responses were selected as effect biomarkers. Results indicated that slugs were sensitive to recent metal pollution; however, slugs chronically exposed to metals presented some characteristic features and were less responsive to pollution cessation without signs of CCTC reversal. 相似文献
975.
976.
基于2010—2016年上海城区近地面大气臭氧(O3)的连续在线观测数据,研究了上海城区O3长时间序列变化规律和污染特征.结果表明,近7年来上海城区O3污染逐渐凸显,但总体以轻度污染为主,7—8月高温炎热季节以中度污染居多.城区O3-8 h(臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均)年均增速为3.81 μg·m-3·a-1,99%和95%分位值增速较快,分别为6.65和4.94 μg·m-3·a-1;25%、50%和75%分位值的增速在3.06~4.45 μg·m-3·a-1之间.春季O3浓度均值较高,年际变化小;夏季极值较高,且污染超标情况最为突出;秋季O3浓度次于春、夏季,冬季最低;夏、秋和冬季O3浓度总体呈上升态势.O3日变化呈"单峰型",最大值出现在13:00左右,且峰值逐年增加,污染持续时间变长,最小值出现在早晨7:00.城区O3"周末效应"逐渐减弱.基于KZ过滤器方法的数据分析结果表明,上海城区O3-8 h长期变化主要受O3-BF(O3-8 h的基准组分)影响;O3-SF(O3-8 h的天气影响组分)在5—9月对O3-8 h影响较大,其范围为-98.85~139.60 μg·m-3. 相似文献
977.
Area protection is a major mechanism deployed for environmental conservation in Antarctica. Yet, the Antarctic protected areas network is widely acknowledged as inadequate, in part because the criteria for area protection south of 60°S are not fully applied. The most poorly explored of these criteria is the type locality of species, which provides the primary legal means for Antarctic species-based area protection and a method for conserving species even if little is known about their habitat or distribution. The type locality criterion has not been systematically assessed since its incorporation into the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, so the extent to which the criterion is being met or might be useful for area protection is largely unknown. To address the matter, we created and analyzed a comprehensive database of Antarctic type localities of terrestrial and lacustrine lichens, plants, and animals. We compiled the database via a literature search of key taxonomic and geographic terms and then analyzed the distance between type localities identifiable to a ≤ 25km2 resolution and current Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) and human infrastructure. We used a distance-clustering approach for localities outside current ASPAs to determine candidate protected areas that could contain these unprotected localities. Of the 386 type localities analyzed, 108 were within or overlapped current ASPAs. Inclusion of the remaining 278 type localities in the ASPA network would require the designation of a further 105 protected areas. Twenty-four of these areas included human infrastructure disturbance. Given the slow rate of ASPA designation, growing pace of human impacts on the continent, and the management burden associated with ASPAs, we propose ways in which the type locality criterion might best be deployed. These include a comprehensive, systematic conservation planning approach and an alternative emphasis on the habitat of species, rather than on a single locality. 相似文献