The relationships between air pollutants, meteorological parameters and concentration of airborne fungal spores

Fungal spores are an important component of bioaerosol and also considered to act as indicator of the level of atmospheric bio-pollution. Therefore, better understanding of these phenomena demands a detailed survey of airborne particles.The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of two the most important allergenic taxa of airborne fungi - Alternaria and Cladosporium - on meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations during three consecutive years (2006-2008). This study is also an attempt to create artificial neural network (ANN) forecasting models useful in the prediction of aeroallergen abundance.There were statistically significant relationships between spore concentration and environmental parameters as well as pollutants, confirmed by the Spearman’s correlation rank analysis and high performance of the ANN models obtained. The concentrations of Cladosporium and Alternaria spores can be predicted with quite good accuracy from meteorological conditions and air pollution recorded three days earlier.     

典型城市污水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的污染特征

对羟基苯甲酸酯(parabens)作为防腐剂、防霉剂和杀菌剂等被广泛应用于食品、化妆品和药品中.近年来的研究表明,该类化合物能够在地表水体中检出,对水生生态环境存在潜在的危害.本研究于2016年秋季和冬季,对哈尔滨某典型城市污水处理厂进水进行了24 h连续采集,对6种parabens的质量浓度和4种常规水质指标进行了分析.结果表明,parabens普遍存在于城市污水中,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯是主要目标物,总有机碳、总溶解固体和酸碱度与parabens的浓度具有相关性;城市污水中parabens的质量浓度具有明显的日变化趋势,但是季节差异性不大.本研究结果为城市污水处理系统中parabens的深入研究和污染控制提供了重要理论依据.     

西北石化区周围毒害类空气污染物污染特征及健康风险评价

采用SUMMA罐、活性炭吸附及玻璃纤维滤膜富集3种方式,于2014年12月对西北地区3个代表性炼化生产基地周围环境空气收集样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱法及高效液相色谱法3种方法,对13种典型毒害类物质进行分析,以研究其污染特征和人群健康风险.结果表明,3个石化区周围环境空气中8种毒害类物质普遍检出,检出率超过80%;石化区苯系物、1,3-丁二烯、对二氯苯、苯并[a]芘平均质量浓度范围分别为48.01~182.75μg·m~(-3)、6.28~7.95μg·m~(-3)、5.53~12.62μg·m~(-3)、7.03~36.08 ng·m~(-3).其中,苯并[a]芘超标最为严重,日均浓度超二级标准限值1.8~13.4倍,苯、甲苯、二甲苯也存在不同程度超标现象.3个石化区苯并[a]芘、1,3-丁二烯非致癌健康风险均已超出可接受的风险水平,兰州石化区周围人群遭受苯的非致癌不良影响风险也较高.与此同时,苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、对二氯苯、苯并[a]芘的致癌风险均超出了可接受的范围,其中苯、1,3-丁二烯、对二氯苯的致癌风险最为显著.     

中国村镇生活垃圾的养分与重金属含量特征及其农用潜力分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇进行了生活垃圾采样调查,系统分析了我国农村生活垃圾的基本理化特性、养分含量与重金属特征及其农用潜力。研究表明:我国典型村镇生活垃圾含水率为(53.68±8.84)%,p H为7.11±0.56,有机质含量为(49.04±10.49)%,C/N约为43∶1,C/P约为144∶1。除C/N略高外,其余特性均适合进行堆肥化处置。我国典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr,Cu和Zn含量分别为(7.645±8.729),(0.737±0.480),(21.798±17.606),(3.356±11.012),(108.632±84.011),(36.834±10.905),(80.093±42.237)mg/kg。与国内相关标准相比,只有Hg、Cd超标,最大超标率分别为29.17%、43.75%;与欧美相关标准相比,仅有Cd、Cr超标,最大超标率分别为25.69%、37.50%。     

Influence of agricultural activities, forest fires and agro-industries on air quality in Thailand

Annual and monthly-based emission inventories in northern, central and north-eastern provinces in Thailand, where agriculture and related agro-industries are very intensive, were estimated to evaluate the contribution of agricultural activity, including crop residue burning, forest fires and related agro-industries on air quality monitored in corresponding provinces. The monthly-based emission inventories of air pollutants, or, particulate matter (PM), NOx and SO₂, for various agricultural crops were estimated based on information on the level of production of typical crops: rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, soybeans and potatoes using emission factors and other parameters related to country-specific values taking into account crop type and the local residue burning period. The estimated monthly emission inventory was compared with air monitoring data obtained at monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department, Thailand (PCD) for validating the estimated emission inventory. The agro-industry that has the greatest impact on the regions being evaluated, is the sugar processing industry, which uses sugarcane as a raw material and its residue as fuel for the boiler. The backward trajectory analysis of the air mass arriving at the PCD station was calculated to confirm this influence. For the provinces being evaluated which are located in the upper northern, lower northern and northeast in Thailand, agricultural activities and forest fires were shown to be closely correlated to the ambient PM concentration while their contribution to the production of gaseous pollutants is much less.     

雷达海杂波统计特性建模研究

介绍了海杂波统计特性建模的幅度特性、多普勒谱及空间相关这三个方面的研究状况,对各种建模的思路和模型效果进行了对比总结。对于幅度均值已有多个较为成熟的模型,但适用范围不同,结果差异也很大。幅度分布建模重点解决拖尾问题,复合建模是趋势。除平均谱外,开始研究短时多普勒谱。空间相关性建模主要建立空间相关长度与雷达及海洋参数间的联系,但是研究还不够全面。总的来看,已由单纯经验建模发展为力图在机理研究指导下有一定物理意义的建模。尽管海杂波建模效果愈来愈接近实际,但建模依然存在诸多问题。     

厦门市大气PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

用ICP-MS对厦门市夏冬两季城区和郊区PM_(2.5)(当量直径≤2.5 μm的颗粒物)及其中10种重金属(V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Cu)含量进行测定,分析其污染特征,并对重金属的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,采样期间厦门市PM_(2.5)中重金属含量水平表现为ZnPbCuMnVAsNiCrCdCo,其中Zn、Pb、As、Cd和Cu富集因子远远大于10,受人为影响较严重。健康风险评价结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属的非致癌健康风险可以忽略;几乎所有重金属的致癌健康风险都高于最大可接受风险值10~(-6)。     

道路灰尘中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及人体暴露

利用气质联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析了苏州市25个道路灰尘样品中4种有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphate flame retardants,OPFRs)的含量水平和分布特征,并估算了成人、儿童和环卫工人灰尘摄入和呼吸暴露两种不同途径的日暴露量.结果表明,在灰尘样品中4种OPFRs均有不同程度检出,总OPFRs的含量范围为ND~8 901.66 ng·g~(-1),中位值为1 039.21 ng·g~(-1).三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯[Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TCPP]、磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯[Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate,TBEP]、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯[Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TDCPP]和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]含量范围分别为0~6 931.46、0~2 021.15、0~788.44和0~62.16 ng·g~(-1).在高暴露情景下,成人、儿童和环卫工人通过摄入灰尘暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别是125.68、915.78和6 314.16 pg·kg~(-1),儿童的暴露量比普通成人高6倍;而成人、儿童和环卫工人通过呼吸途径暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别为3.07E-02、1.89E-02和1.54E-01 pg·kg~(-1).因此灰尘中OPFRs对于儿童和环卫工人的潜在危害更大.     

国家大气污染物排放标准体系研究

科学合理的大气污染物排放标准体系,有助于全面系统地控制大气污染源,提高大气环境保护工作效力,改善整体大气环境质量.在深入研究国家大气环境标准体系发展历程、现状及特点的基础上,指出了目前标准体系存在的不配套、不协调和不完善的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

零价铁去除废水中的汞

研究了零价铁(zero-valent iron,ZVI)去除废水中Hg2+的动力学特征及其影响因素,初步探讨了ZVI与Hg2+的作用机制.结果表明,ZVI对废水中Hg2+的最佳去除条件:Hg2+的初始浓度为0.10 mg·L-1、pH为5、ZVI用量为0.050 g、温度为25℃,获得Hg2+的去除率为94.5%.ZVI对废水中Hg2+有一个快速的去除过程,可用准一级反应动力学方程描述,速率常数为0.010 min-1.ZVI去除废水中Hg2+的机制主要是氧化还原反应、铁氧化物和氢氧化物的吸附和共沉淀作用,ZVI表面钝化是降低Hg2+去除率的主要原因,其钝化成分主要是FeOOH和Fe2O3-Fe3O4.胡敏酸可与ZVI还原产生的Fe2+、Fe3+结合形成Fe-HA复合物,增加可溶性铁的比例,缓解ZVI的钝化,对细铁氧化物和铁氢氧化物胶体具有稳定作用,增强对废水中Hg2+的吸附作用.