氯代芳香化合物的微生物降解研究

生物技术对消除有毒化学品已显示出广阔的应用前景，深入研究有毒化学品微生物降解的生物化学和遗传学，可按照预期目的构建具有更大降解能力的遗传工程菌株，以促使污染物的无害化资源化。本文对纯菌株降解氯代芳香化合物的降解途径、降解性质粒和遗传工程菌株的构建等诸方面进行了综述。     

Ferrioxalate-mediated photodegradation and mineralization of 4-Chlorophenol

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Advanced oxidation processes are powerful methods which are capable of transforming refractory, nonbiodegradable and/or toxic organic compounds into harmless end products such as carbon dioxide and water. However, one commen problem of all advanced oxidation processes is the high demand of electrical energy for ultraviolet lamps, which causes high operational costs. Minimization of the required irradiation time, and therefore the energy consumption, by optimization of other reaction conditions such as catalyst-oxidant type and concentration, pH, temperature, pollutant/oxidant ratio etc., therefore continues to gain importance. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was the minimization of the required irradiation time through optimization of the use of a newly patented catalyst, ferrioxalate, and also to compare the performance of this catalyst with the performance of other AOPs. METHODS: Oxidation of 4-chlorophenol by photo-Fenton process using potassium ferrioxalate as a mediator was studied in a lab scale photoreactor. The influence of parameters such as hydrogen peroxide and ferrioxalate concentrations, initial pH, power-output, oxalate/iron ratio and different iron sources was evaluated. An upflow photoreactor equipped with a 1000 Watt high-pressure mercury vapour lamp and operating in a recirculation mode was used during photodegradation experiments. The extent of the reduction of 4-chlorophenol, Total Organic Carbon and Chemical Oxygen Demand was used to evaluate the photodegradation reaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The optimum pH range observed was found to be 2.7-3. The efficiency of 4-chlorophenol oxidation increased with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and ferrioxalate, reaching a plateau after the addition of 10 and 0.072 mM of those reagents, respectively. Using an Oxalate/iron ratio of 12 was 18% less efficient than using a ratio of 3:1. The efficiency increased with increasing radiation power. However, this increase was not linear. The UV/ferrioxalate/H2O2 process, by which complete mineralization of 100 mg l(-1) 4-chlorophenol was achieved in 20 min of total reaction time, was the most efficient process among the alternatives applied. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ferrioxalate as the catalyst was found to be more efficient than the use of Fe(II) and Fe(III) iron species. It was possible to completely mineralize 4-chlorophenol. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study demonstrate that the ferrioxalate-mediated degradation of 4-chlorophenol requires less irradiation times than other advanced oxidation processes. There are mainly 19 phenol isomers and other toxic and nonbiodegradable organic compounds. We recommend that similar studies should be performed on many such compounds in order to attain a clear understanding of the performance of this catalyst. Because of its light sensitivity, this catalyst should be used immediately after its preparation. The use of low pressure mercury vapour lamps in this process should also be considered, since low power outputs may be enough for the process.     

The distribution of the chlorinated solvents dichloromethane,perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene in the global atmosphere

Dichloromethane, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene are commercially important chlorinated solvents whose health and environmental impacts are under scrutiny in the industrial world. Their distributions in the global atmosphere have been computed based on data from the Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory (RCEI) project using the Global Balance Environment (GLOBE) model, a 3-D radiative-dynamical-chemical model. Their atmospheric lifetimes, scaled to an observed methyl chloroform lifetime of 4.8 years, are 158 days, 105 days, and 4.3 days, respectively. They have strong interhemispheric gradients, with maximum zonal mean surface concentrations in the winter mid-latitude northern hemisphere of approximately 40 ppt, 9 ppt, and 2.5 ppt, respectively. Their spatial distributions show significant seasonal variability, and are sensitive to vertical mixing by cumulus convection and horizontal mixing by synoptic-scale turbulence. While the model interhemispheric exchange time (1.0 years) and computed atmospheric lifetimes are very sensitive to sub-grid scale diffusion, interhemispheric gradients of the chlorinated solvents are not. The simulated results suggest a greater importance for oceanic emissions of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene than has previously been assumed.     

含铁化合物对有机氯化物的脱氯处理技术研究

综述了钯 /铁、二硫化铁、硫化铁、三氧化二铁、绿锈等含铁化合物在降解六氯乙烷、四氯化碳、五氯乙烷、四氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯等有机氯化物中的应用以及降解机理     

Determination of trace amounts of chlorinated insecticides and fungicides in ginseng using capillary gas chromatography and ~(63)Ni electron capture detector

A method for the simultaneous determination of a series of chlorinated insecticides and fungicides as residues in ginseng is presented in this article. Pulverized samples are subjected to Soxhlet extraction with acetone-petroleum ether and the extract is partitioned between petroleum ether and aqueous sodium sulfate solution (2:98). The combined petroleum ether phase is cleaned up by sulfuric acid and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using 63Ni electron capture detector. Recoveries from the different concentrations for 11 kinds of chlorinated insecticides and fungicides are between 92.40 and 103.7% with coefficients of variations ranged 1.22 and 9.53% without samples, and between 89.00% and 104.10% with coefficients of variations between 1.16% and 9.16% with samples. The detection limits are 0.2- 7.0 ng/kg.     

掺硼金刚石膜电极电化学氧化双酚A的影响因素及机理研究

采用响应曲面法系统研究了掺硼金刚石(Boron-doped Diamond,BDD)膜电极电化学氧化双酚A (BisphenolA,BPA)的影响因素及含氯副产物的生成。结果表明,电流密度是影响降解速率常数(k)和氯离子消耗量(Δc(Cl-))的最主要因素。以BPA有效降解的同时生成较少量的含氯副产物为标准,通过响应曲面法计算得到的最优反应条件为:对0. 06 mmol/L BPA、40 mmol/L NaCl(pH=8)的溶液,当电流密度为15 mA/cm2时,k为0. 318 min-1,Δc(Cl-)仅为3. 55 mmol/L。BDD电极电解不仅生成了高浓度的高氯酸盐,还生成了1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚和五氯苯酚等仅在BDD体系中被检测到的含氯有机副产物。综上,经BDD电极电化学氧化处理后尽管整个BPA溶液的毒性明显降低,但还需特别关注反应过程中生成的含氯副产物。     

氯代烃污染地下水修复技术研究进展

针对地下水氯代烃污染修复最为常用的七种技术进行了比较,各项修复技术适用范围有所区别,根据地下水污染物种类、污染程度、地质条件等的不同,可以针对性的选择最为适合的修复技术,各项之间也可以联用以达到更好的修复效果。通过对比发现,抽出处理技术和渗透反应墙技术可用于对污染物扩散范围的控制,原位曝气技术、生物修复技术和化学氧化技术可以针对地下水污染源区进行修复,植物修复技术和监测自然衰减技术可用于微污染区域的长期修复。     

Prescreening teratogenic potential of chlorinated drinking water disinfection by products by using Hydra regeneration assay

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饮用水中氯消毒副产物的污染与控制

介绍了饮用水氯消毒的现状,分析了氯消毒副产物的形成机理,简要论述了其控制方法,提出了今后研究工作的方向,这对进一步系统开发可有效控制饮用水氯化消毒副产物的经济高效的相关处理新技术具有参考价值.