Synthesis and identification of graft copolymers of wood pulp and styrene

Based on the graft copolymerization reactions of lignin and vinyl monomers, a series of graft copolymers of wood pulp and styrene (1-phenylethene) has been synthesized. The wood pulps used in this research are unbleached products produced by chemical, thermal, and mechanical pulping. All of them contain a high content of lignin (25–29 wt%). The grafting reaction is a free radical polymerization coinitiated by calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and wood pulp in dimethylsulfoxide at 30°C. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of the reactants on the conversion of monomer, yield of product, weight increase of pulp, and grafting efficiency of monomer has been studied. The grafted wood pulp was separated from homopolystyrene formed during the reaction by extraction of the reaction product with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus for at least 48 h. The results show that after the reaction, the weight of all wood pulps was significantly increased and the weight increase of very high yield sodium bisulfite pulp (VHYS) was 333%. This proves that a part of the polymerized styrene was chemically bound to the wood pulp. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the extracted products show absorbance peaks characteristic of both wood and polystyrene and, thus, provide strong proof of grafting. Grafting has completely changed the surface properties of the starting wood pulp from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and under ordinary thermal compression conditions, thermoplastic composite objects of good uniformity can be made directly from reaction products which contain up to 52 wt% wood pulp.     

Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance evidence of degradation in thermoplastics based on forest products

The degradation of lignin-(1-phenylethylene) graft copolymers (lignin-styrene graft copolymers) by white rot basidiomycete fungi was followed by monitoring aromatic absorption bands by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The FTIR of the graft copolymers shows a series of characteristic absorbance peaks from multi-substituted aromatic rings and a strong poly(1-phenylethylene) (polystyrene) absorbance peak from monosubstituted aromatic rings. Subtraction of copolymer spectra taken before incubation from spectra taken after 50 days of incubation with the four tested fungi shows the loss of functional groups from the copolymer. NMR spectra also show reduction of aromatic ring resonances from the copolymer and incorporation of peaks from fungi as a result of incubation with fungi. The biodegradation tests were run on lignin-(1-phenylethylene) graft copolymers which contained 10.3, 32.2, and 50.4% of lignin. The polymer samples were incubated with the white rot fungiPleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolor, and the brown rot fungusGleophyllum trabeum. White rot fungi degraded the plastic samples at a rate that increased with increasing lignin content in the copolymer sample. Both poly(1-phenylethylene) and lignin components of the copolymer were readily degraded. Observation by scanning electron microscopy of incubated copolymers showed a deterioration of the plastic surface. The brown rot fungus did not affect any of these plastics, nor did any of the fungi degrade pure poly(1-phenylethylene).Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

利用层叠苯环π—π相互作用改善废水处理中酞菁催化剂的自氧化弊端

提出以聚苯乙烯树脂为载体的四磺酸酞菁钴催化剂固载化方法,通过聚苯乙烯聚合物中的苯环与酞菁分子上的18π电子大环体发生π-π相互作用,改善四磺酸酞菁钴在过氧化氢存在条件下易自氧化降解的弊端.结果表明,由D201大孔强碱性阴离子交换树脂负载的四磺酸酞菁钴催化剂催化过氧化氢氧化50mg/L的染料C.I.Acid Blue 25的去除效率可达99%以上,并且循环套用后去除效率保持稳定,有效提高了四磺酸酞菁钴的催化活性与催化寿命.     

地表水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫微球的混凝去除

以向地表水中投加的隐孢子虫微球和贾第鞭毛虫微球为对象,研究通过对给水混凝工艺对其的去除效果进行比较,着重考察了不同混凝剂种类、投加量及水样pH值对去除效果的影响.结果表明,混凝工艺可较为有效地去除地表水中的两虫微球,去除率最高可达4 lg.相比常规的金属盐类混凝剂,高分子的PAC、PAFC混凝剂对两虫微球的混凝去除率更...     

重金属和聚苯乙烯微球对卤虫的复合毒性效应研究

微塑料是一类重要的海洋污染物,由于其性质稳定、难以降解,对海洋生态系统具有潜在的危害。微塑料粒径小,比表面积大,容易吸附海洋中的重金属等污染物产生二次危害,因此研究微塑料与重金属的复合毒性效应对于正确评价微塑料的生态风险具有重要意义。本文以卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)作为研究对象,考察了10μm聚苯乙烯微球与2种重金属(Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+))对卤虫无节幼体的单一及复合急性毒性。同时使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了卤虫体内Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度随时间的变化情况,比较分析了聚苯乙烯微球对重金属在卤虫体内富集的影响。研究发现,Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)单一暴露时对卤虫无节幼体的24 h半数致死浓度(24 h-LC_(50))分别为(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1)和(164.5±27.3) mg·L~(-1),与聚苯乙烯微球共同作用时24h-LC_(50)分别为(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1)和(178.3±36.4) mg·L~(-1),聚苯乙烯微球的存在显著促进了卤虫对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的摄入和排出,但并未影响二者急性毒性。研究结果可为海洋环境中微塑料和重金属的生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

可发性聚苯乙烯(EPS)废水回用中试研究

以可发性聚苯乙烯(EPS)达标尾水为处理对象,开展了EPS废水作为工艺水回用技术研究,半年来的深度处理中试试验表明:采用砂滤-超滤-一级反渗透-离子交换/二级反渗透深度处理工艺的出水能稳定达到该厂工艺水要求,即:ρ(CODMn)≤5 mg/L,电导率≤10μS/cm。产品合成中试试验表明:采用经深度处理后得到的工艺水合成的产品符合国家和企业相关的质量标准,粒度稳定、分布较为集中。     

非溶剂型热介质法消泡回收聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料

回收利用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料可用不同的消泡减容方法。非溶剂型热介质法分别采用20%氯化钙水溶液作水性介质,液体石蜡和固体石蜡混合物作油性介质,消泡操作温度110℃～130℃,可减容30倍,回收物料密度达到0.9g/cm3,适于下游产品加工应用。     

微颗粒聚苯乙烯对微藻的生长和生理代谢影响

水体中微塑料污染已是人们普遍关注的问题,微藻是维持水生态系统平衡的重要成分,对水环境中污染物非常敏感,迄今微塑料对微藻潜在的生态效应仍知之甚少.本文比较微颗粒聚苯乙烯（PS, 1μm）对3种藻类：栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、集胞藻（Synechocystis sp. PCC6803）以及惠氏微囊藻（Microcystis wesenbergii FACHB-929）生长的影响.通过测定生长曲线、叶绿素a含量、最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶（SOD和CAT）和代谢酶（碱性磷酸酶和脂酶）活性等生理指标,揭示了集胞藻和栅藻对PS不同的生理响应.实验结果表明,100 mg·L-1 PS暴露对集胞藻和惠氏微囊藻的生长及光合作用有显著抑制作用,其中对集胞藻的抑制作用更为显著,但对栅藻的生长和光合作用具有显著的促进作用.该研究提示：PS对不同微藻会产生不同生物学效应,进入水体的PS有可能改变种群结构,影响水生态系统.     

超临界水降解聚乙烯及聚乙烯/聚苯乙烯混合塑料的研究

对聚乙烯(PE)和聚乙烯与聚苯乙烯(PS)混合塑料进行了超临界水降解实验．考察了原料配比和反应时间对降解反应的影响,确定了适宜的超临界水降解PE及PE／PS混合塑料的反应条件．实验结果显示,超临界水可将PE及PE／PS混合塑料降解为液态油状物．PE和PE／PS混合物可在440℃下0．5h内完全降解．     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对污水中胞外耐药基因的影响及其机制

微塑料（MPs）和抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）是共存于污水处理厂中的典型新污染物.MPs已被证明能够改变污泥中ARGs的分布模式,但其对污水中胞外ARGs（feARGs）的影响及机制仍不清楚.采用荧光定量PCR技术探究了典型MPs（聚苯乙烯PS）暴露60 d后污水中feARGs（包括tetC、tetO、sul1和sul2）的动态变化特征及机制.结果表明,四环素类feARGs绝对丰度在nm级和mm级PS暴露下分别降低了28.4 %~76.0 %和35.2 %~96.2 %,在μm级PS暴露下变化了-55.4 %~122.4 %.PS对磺胺类sul1的促进效果呈nm级 > μm级 > mm级趋势,且ρ（PS）为50 mg·L^-1 对sul1丰度扰动幅度更大.磺胺类sul2的相对丰度在μm级和mm级PS暴露后分别削减了25.4 %~42.6 %和46.1 %~90.3 %,在nm级PS暴露后增加了1.9~3.9倍;ρ（PS）为50 mg·L^-1对sul2的削减作用高于ρ（PS）为0.5 mg·L^-1.Pearson相关性分析显示,PS暴露下feARGs相对丰度与细胞膜通透性和典型可移动遗传元件（intI1）丰度成正相关,与活性氧水平成负相关.研究结果阐明了PS对污水中feARGs的影响及其机制,可为污水中MPs与ARGs复合污染的防治提供科学依据.