3种氯酚类化合物对河蚬的毒性和氧化应激(Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Three Chlorophenols to Freshwater Clam Corbicula fluminea)

以河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为试验生物,研究了2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP的急性毒性和21d慢性毒性,并在同一条件下测试了这3种氯酚类化合物对河蚬软体组织抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示:2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP对河蚬96hLC50值分别为19.25(17.58～21.20)、41.98(35.48～58.24)和0.23(0.18～0.27)mg·L-1;以致死作为观察指标,其21d无观察效应浓度(NOEC)和最低观察效应浓度(LOEC)值分别为1.00、2.00、0.06mg·L-1和2.00、4.00、0.08mg·L-1.3种氯酚类化合物对河蚬软体组织抗氧化系统几种酶的活性均表现出了不同程度的影响,其中对SOD和GSH-Px的影响最为明显.2,4,6-TCP和PCP对SOD均表现为抑制作用,对GSH-Px表现为先诱导后抑制;2,4-DCP对SOD和GSH-Px表现为明显的诱导作用;3种氯酚类化合物对CAT均表现为明显的诱导作用;对GST活性也有一定影响,但与对照组相比变化范围不大(62.95%～137.04%).3种氯酚类化合物暴露后生物体抗氧化酶有不同的响应,表明不同氯酚类化合物所导致的氧化损伤及其应激机制不同.     

3种氯酚化合物对大型溞的联合毒性

氯酚类化合物是我国水体中广泛存在的一类优先控制污染物,以大型溞(Daphnia magna)为试验生物,测定了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对大型溞的48 h致死的单一毒性和联合毒性.基于单一氯酚化合物的浓度-效应曲线,运用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2个模型对2种等毒性浓度比的混合物(Mix-LC5...     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法检测地表水中7种氯酚类化合物

建立了一种能够测定地表水中7种氯酚类化合物的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱方法。调节水样p H=2,经固相萃取柱富集后,用丙酮和二氯甲烷洗脱,浓缩定容后分析。以甲醇-水溶液(含0.2%乙酸)为流动相,柱温为30℃,紫外检测波长为分段检测(285、290、300、304 nm)。结果表明,检测方法对7种氯酚类化合物具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数≥0.999 7。当水样萃取体积为1 L,浓缩至1 m L,进样量为5μL时,方法检出限为12.7~32.1 ng/L,测定下限为50.8~128.4 ng/L;高低两组浓度的平均加标回收率为79.2%~108.4%,相对标准偏差为4.6%~13.3%。     

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solid electrode

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solidelectrode was studied. As solid electrodes, carbon cloth (CC), carbon felt (CF) and titanium mesh were used, and palladium was plated on solid electrodes by either electrolytic or electroless method. On each electrode with Pd, chlorophenols were qualitatively dechlorinated to phenol, while they were entirely intact on electrodes without Pd. Moreover, neither base electrode nor plating method significantly affected the activity of Pd as far as it was sufficiently loaded on the electrode. Based on the results in the experiments using one electrode repeatedly, Pd catalyst proved to possess a satisfactory duarability under the present condition. It was suggested that the reactive species responsinble for the dechlorination of chlorophenols could be formed during preliminary electrolysis. Thus, (Pd)_x-H resulting from the adsorption of electrogenerated hydrogen on metallic Pd might be assumed most probable.     

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solid electrode

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solidelectrode was studied. As solid electrodes, carbon cloth (CC), carbon felt (CF) and titanium mesh were used, and palladium was plated on solid electrodes by either electrolytic or electroless method. On each electrode with Pd, chlorophenols were qualitatively dechlorinated to phenol, while they were entirely intact on electrodes without Pd. Moreover, neither base electrode nor plating method significantly affected the activity of Pd as far as it was sufficiently loaded on the electrode. Based on the results in the experiments using one electrode repeatedly, Pd catalyst proved to possess a satisfactory duarability under the present condition. It was suggested that the reactive species responsinble for the dechlorination of chlorophenols could be formed during preliminary electrolysis. Thus, (Pd)_x-H resulting from the adsorption of electrogenerated hydrogen on metallic Pd might be assumed most probable.     

分子表面积的精确和经验计算及其在QSAR中的应用

本文列出了精确计算分子表面积的公式，在分子几何结构优化的基础上，可用此式得到准确的分子表面积，用该法对２０种氯代酚进行了计算，所得分子表面积能很好地预言其正辛醇／水分配系数，并且用分子表面积（或取代基数）加上ＯＨ基的表面积，能很好预言其对发光菌的产性。此外，还提出了计算公子表面积的经验方法－碎片加和法，此法应用于某些取代烃化合物，也得到正辛醇／水分配系数很好的相关性。     

共存氯代酚结构对1-NP致突变性的影响

研究了氯代酚与1－NP的单一和联合致突变效应，结果发现，各氯代酚对1－NP的致突变性有不同程度的抑制作用，且抑制效应系数（S）与各氯代酚的分子描述参数的关系能用QSAR方程表示，由方程得出的预测值与实验测定值之间能较好地吻合。     

纳米Pd／Fe双金属颗粒对单氯酚及二氯酚的还原脱氯

采用改进液相化学还原法制备纳米Pd／Fe双金属颗粒，研究其钯化率为0．045％和0．135％的条件下分别对3种单氯酚（2-CP、3-CP和4-CP）和3种二氯酚（2，3-DCP、2，4-DCP和2，6-DCP）的脱氯反应。结果表明，合成的纳米Pd／Fe颗粒分散性良好，粒径分布介于25～40nm。纳米Pd／Fe双金属颗粒对单氯酚及二氯酚具有良好的去除效果，3种单氯酚和3种二氯酚的脱氯难易程度分别为2-CP〉4-CP〉3-CP和2，6-DCP〉2，4-DCP〉2，3-DCP，脱氯反应均符合拟一级反应动力学方程。通过还原脱氯实验揭示了分子中氯原子的化学环境对还原脱氯过程具有明显影响。     

Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Two Arable Soils from the Semi-Arid and Subtropical Regions of China

The residues of 31 chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), 25 chlorophenols (CPs), 30 organophosphorus (OP) and pyrethroid (PRT) in two arable soils from the semi-arid and subtropical regions of China were assessed. Data obtained indicate that the main compounds of CHC pesticide residues in the semi-arid soil were 4,4′-DDE (25.3 ng/g) and β-HCH (14.1 ng/g), which totally accounted to about 90% of total CHC residues detected. The total content of CHC residues detected in the subtropical soil was only 3.1 ng/g, of which approximately 50% was β-HCH. However, the total content of CP residues in both of the soils was about 11 ng/g. In the semi-arid soil, only parathion-methyl amongst the 30 compounds of OP and PRT residues was detected (32.5 ng/g), whilst malathion and parathion-methyl (8.7 and 17.7 ng/g, respectively) detected in the subtropical soil. Based on these results, it was suggested the environmental risk of pesticide residues ranked in an order as CHCs (mainly as 4,4′-DDE, β-HCH) > OP (parathion-methyl) > CPs for the semi-arid soil, and as OPs (parathion-methyl and malathion) > CPs > CHCs (β-HCH) for the subtropical soil.     

氯酚与乙酰胆碱酯酶相互作用的光谱研究

采用荧光光谱法和紫外-可见光谱法研究了2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)及五氯酚(PCP)与乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的相互作用,获得了相互作用的Stern-Volmer猝灭常数、结合常数、热力学参数和作用距离.结果表明, 2,4,6-TCP及PCP均可以使AChE内源荧光有规律地猝灭,温度小于303K时,其猝灭机制为静态猝灭. 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE的结合过程是受熵驱动的自发过程,作用力为典型的疏水作用力. 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE分子中酪氨酸残基的作用距离分别为1.91,2.00nm, 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE分子的结合常数为104~105L/mol,表明2种氯酚与AChE之间发生了非辐射能量转移,两者形成了稳定的复合物.2,4,6-TCP与AChE的结合作用比PCP与AChE的结合作用强,氯酚分子向AChE分子疏水空腔的结合过程是疏水性效应和空间位阻效应彼此竞争的结果.