Adsorption of picloram on clays nontronite,illite and kaolinite: equilibrium and herbicide-clays surface complexes

The picloram (PCM) adsorption on nontronite, illite and kaolinite was studied at pH 3, 5 and 7. The adsorption isotherms had well-fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models equations. The interactions of PCM with the clay mineral surfaces exhibited an anionic profile adsorption, with a decrease in adsorption when the pH increases. The PCM adsorption capacity increases in the following order: kaolinite?<?illite?<?nontronite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of PCM-clay samples revealed that the picloram molecule does not enter into the clays basal space. The interaction of PCM with clays surface sites through nitrogen of the pyridine ring was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Due to the anionic form of PCM, the adsorption onto the external and edges surface sites of the clay minerals was proposed.     

一个第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤剖面微形态特征的研究

发育在我国南方亚热带季风气候地区的第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤早已为人们所注意。这是一类粘粒主要由结晶度不甚高的高岭石以及铝蛭石、伊利石，针铁矿所组成，具有一定脱硅富铝化程度且粘重的土壤．本文以微形态学方法对一个这类土壤剖面（江西余江）进行了详细研究．结果表明：该剖面微形态的演变主要表现在细粒物质及微结构特征的变化两方面。这些变化似乎与土体内的水分状况变化及因而引起的粘粒物质移动有关．令人感兴趣的是：在红色心土层的中上部（Ｂ１层）可观察到典型的微团聚化现象，说明这一过程不仅仅为热带湿润地区高度发育的铁铝土所特有，而且在北亚热带季风气候条件下发育的红壤中同样也有发生。     

Adsorption of phenthoate and acetochlor from water by clays and organoclays

IntroductionImmobilizationorseparationofcontaminantscontainedinpollutedwaterisanobjectiveofincreasingimportanceinavarietyofenvironmentalsettings.Theextentofpesticidecontaminationofthewaterenvironmenthasrecentlyraisedmuchconcernbecauseofthepotentialhealthh…     

Investigation and proposal for reuse of effluents from beneficiated bentonite products

This work is intended to show the characterization of three effluents (X, Y, and Z) derived from laboratory analyses conducted in the quality control department of a beneficiated bentonite products factory in order to present alternatives for their treatment and final disposal according to Brazil's National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos – PNRS, Law 12,305/2010, Brazil). Analyses to identify the characteristics of the effluents revealed that the pH, salinity, electroconductivity, and total dissolved solids were in agreement with the organic and mineral nature of the effluent constituents: solvent, clay minerals, water, and activating agent. To assess reuse proposals, the effluents were subjected to the following tests: (a) swelling characteristic with effluent X, (b) petrochemical characterization of Y, and (c) swelling characteristic using commercial solvent and activated clay produced with effluent Z. Preliminary results indicate that each of these effluents can be reused variously in the laboratory, as a fuel, or in the original analysis/process.     

河道疏浚废弃淤泥改良土的强度变化规律探讨

通过系列室内试验,研究了添加生石灰改良高含水量疏浚淤泥的处理土的无侧限抗压强度的主要影响因素;探讨了高含水量疏浚淤泥生石灰处理土的无侧限抗压强度与原泥初始含水量、生石灰掺入比、处理土含水量的关系,得出了生石灰处理土的无侧限抗压强度随着含水量降低率的增加而线性增加的变化规律;建立了生石灰处理土无侧限抗压强度与原泥初始含水量及处理土含水量的定量表达式,给出了生石灰改良高含水量疏浚淤泥的处理土不排水强度的预测方法,可为高含水量疏浚淤泥的有效利用和相关工程设计、施工提供理论基础和指导。     

黏土絮凝沉降铜绿微囊藻的动力学及其作用机理

研究了26种天然黏土矿物凝聚沉降铜绿微囊藻的动力学过程在投加量为0.7 g·L^-1时按平衡除藻率和除藻速率将26种黏土分成3类.第1类矿物(滑石、三氧化二铁、海泡石、四氧化三铁、高岭土等)的8 h平衡除藻率大于90%,去除50%藻细胞所需时间t₅₀＜30 min,去除80%藻细胞所需时间t₈₀＜2.5 h第2类黏土(轻质页岩、陶土、凹凸棒、累托土、伊利土等7种)的8 h平衡除藻率为50%～80%,t₅₀＜2.5 h,t80＞5 h.第3类黏土(铁矾土,云母,沸石、浮石、硅藻土、高钾长石和石英等14种)的8 h平衡除藻率低于50%,t₅₀>>8 h.当投加量逐步降低到0.2～0.1 g·L^-1时,25种黏土矿物的8 h平衡除藻率均降到60%以下,只有第1类黏土中的海泡石仍接近90%.与黏土相比,在0.02～0.2 g·L^-1投加量下单独使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)时的8 h平衡除藻率均低于40%.进一步对海泡石进行电性改性后发现,虽然黏土颗粒表面电位的提高(pH 7.4时,Zeta电位由-24.0 mV提高到+0.43 mV)可以显著加快海泡石的除藻速率,但其平衡除藻率并没有显著提高.在分析了本研究中的凝聚机理后提出:架桥网捕作用可能在黏土-藻凝聚过程中发挥了十分关键的作用,增强黏土对藻细胞的架桥网捕作用可能是今后进一步提高除藻效率、大幅度降低投加量的一个重要方向.     

HDTMA改性粘土对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附

以季铵盐（QAC）阳离子表面活性剂十交烷基三甲基铵离子（HDTMA）改性膨润土和凹凸棒土,研究它们对模拟地下水中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯的吸附作用.结果表明,两种HDTMA改性粘土矿物的有机质含量分别提高了54．8和404.5倍,它们可以有效地吸附模拟地下水中的苯系物,吸附量比原粘土矿物高出几十全几百倍对苯、甲苯、二甲苯来说,改性凹凸棒土和膨润士的吸附系数分别是原土的79.5和289倍、106和334倍、418和578倍吸附机理较复杂,主要以分配为主.     

壳聚糖改性粘土对水华优势藻铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除

研究了壳聚糖改性对粘土絮凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响.经壳聚糖包覆改性后的海泡石在投加总量仅为11 mg/L时,0.5h即可去除80%的藻细胞,2h去除率达到90%.不同粘土改性后絮凝除藻能力均有大幅度提高,原来除藻能力相去甚远的不同粘土,包括一般的黄土,改性后除藻能力被提升到相近的水平,投加量11 mg/L,可去除铜绿微囊藻90%以上.改性粘土和一般絮凝剂一样有一最佳投加量(本研究为11 mg/L),低于或超过此最佳值,絮凝除藻效果均下降.     

A Novel Technique for Monitoring Contaminant Transport Through Soils

An experimental setup which is capable of simulation as well as monitoring contaminant transport through soil mass has been developed. Efficiency of the experimental setup has been demonstrated by comparing the results obtained from the argentometric method. Reynolds number (R_e) and the Peclet number (P_e) have been found to be less than unity. This indicates that flow of the solute through soil mass is laminar and the dominant contaminant transport mechanism is diffusion.