不同类型填料的三维电极/Fenton试剂法处理苯酚废水

采用不同类型填料对三维电极/Fenton试剂法处理苯酚模拟废水进行研究.结果表明.不同类型活性炭填料对苯酚去除率有很大影响,粒炭不适合做粒子电极,采用5.0 mm柱炭处理效果较好;采用石英砂与活性炭混合填料的处理效果比单一活性炭填料好,但苯酚去除率提高不明显;电解槽反应器中按比例投加涂膜活性炭和活性炭混合填料能明显提高苯酚去除率;当涂膜活性炭与活性炭体积比为1,2时,苯酚去除率最高,达96.8%.     

Ammonia volatilization and availability of Cu, Zn induced by applications of urea with and without coating in soils

Ammonia volatilization and the distribution of Cu and Zn were investigated in two types of soil treated with coated and uncoated urea. The rate of ammonia volatilization in two weeks after fertilizing with coated urea was 8% in soil 1 (soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain) and 5.15% in soil 2 (red soil derived from quaternary red clay), about half the rates observed when fertilizing with common urea, implying that the hydrolysis speed of the coated urea was lower than for common urea, and that the coated urea can increase nitrogen use efficacy. As for the availability of Cu and Zn, their concentrations decreased in the first week after fertilization, and then increased, which was contrary to the effect of treatment on soil pH. For example, when the pH was 7.99, there was 0.79 mg/kg exchangeable Cu and 0.85 mg/kg exchangeable Zn in the soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain. However, the concentrations of exchangeable Cu and Zn were generally lower for the common urea treatments than those with the coated urea because the peak pH for the common urea treatment was greater. The concentrations of these elements correlated well with pH in the range 4-8 in second order polynomial fits.     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

基于加热改性预处理废线路板的热力学作用过程研究

电子废物是固体废物环境管理的热点问题,而废线路板是电子废物的研究核心.废线路板是由铜箔、树脂和增强材料层压而成的复合材料,以破碎和分选过程相组合的机械物理方法是其资源化回收处理的主流技术,就如何提高破碎效果已成为机械物理技术发展面临的难题.研究提出了加热改性预处理的技术方法,用于废线路板结构物理改性和微观破坏,以提高破碎解离效率,其可实现金属与非金属的高度解离.基于改性处理技术,本文还分别从微观和宏观破坏力学角度,探究了加热改性处理机制.同时,结合ANSYS有限元热应力模型,对改性作用进行了理论分析.     

氨基硫脲改性山竹壳对Cd2+. Pb2+的吸附

采用氨基硫脲改性山竹壳,制备新型的改性山竹壳吸附剂,研究其对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附性能。结果表明,吸附Cd2+、Pb2+的适宜条件为:pH 6.0,吸附时间120 min。改性后山竹吸附剂对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附容量能有了很大程度的提高,Cd2+、Pb2+最大吸附量分别达到39.37、57.14mg/g。吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程。     

铝钛改性MCM-41材料对污水中铅镉的吸附研究

研究了改性MCM-41材料对污水中重金属铅、镉离子的吸附行为。在MCM-41材料中加入Al、Ti两种诱因金属离子来合成新的Al-Ti-MCM-41及Ti-Al-MCM-41改性材料,通过氮气吸附-脱附等温线对Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)及Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)样品进行了表征,并采用改性后的MCM-41材料为吸附剂对含有二价铅、镉离子的溶液进行吸附实验,考察了吸附剂投加量,Pb2+、Cd2+初始质量浓度和吸附温度对吸附的影响。结果表明:改性Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)材料的最可几孔径和比孔容分别为16.68 nm和0.046 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到的平均孔径为17.02 nm;Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)的最可几孔径和比孔容分别为16.88 nm和0.083 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到的平均孔径为17.08 nm。Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)对Cd2+的吸附率为99.8%;Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)对Pb2+的吸附率为99.96%;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低,随离子初始浓度的增大而增加;温度越高越有利于吸附。该研究重点考察改性MCM-41材料在重金属铅镉离子污染治理中的性能,从而为解决重金属铅镉的污染,加强环境保护提供理论支撑和技术支持,具有明确的现实意义。     

Na_2CO_3对回填材料膨润土的改型效果分析

以新疆柯尔碱膨润土为原料,加入不同比例的Na2CO3改型剂,研究改型剂添加对膨润土胶质价、膨胀容和pH值的影响。另外,考虑到压实膨润土的非饱和渗透特性对于评价缓冲回填材料性能具有重要意义,故采用压力膜仪测量压实Na2CO3改型膨润土和原土的土水特征曲线,分析研究二者基质吸力随体积含水率变化的相关关系。实验结果显示,添加Na2CO3改型剂可以增大膨润土的胶质价、膨胀容和pH值,成功地将膨润土中的钙蒙脱石转化为钠蒙脱石,其对柯尔碱膨润土pH值的作用效果满足地质处置库对缓冲回填材料的要求;改型后膨润土的持水能力明显大于原土。     

聚噻吩改性阴极强化电极生物膜反应器去除硝酸盐机制研究

为进一步提高电极生物膜反应器的脱氮效能,采用导电聚合物聚噻吩(PTh)和电子穿梭体蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸二钠(AQDS)改性阴极材料石墨毡,系统研究了不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下,改性电极的应用对BER体系的脱氮效能、电极表面生物相和体系微生物群落结构等方面的影响.结果表明,应用PTh与AQDS协同处理石墨毡的BER体系的NO~-_3-N去除速率和效能均明显优于未处理电极体系,在HRT=4 h、C/N为2.0时NO~-_3-N的去除率达到90.0%以上.PTh/AQDS改性石墨毡电极的生物膜与电极的比重为0.26±0.04,其值为对照组的2.4倍,证明了PTh/AQDS改性后电极具有更优的生物相容性.应用PTh/AQDS改性电极的BER具有更好的微生物丰富度和多样性,AQDS促进了特定微生物Thauera_mechernichensis(24.6%)的富集和亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性,保障了BER体系的反硝化效能.     

载铜氮化碳纳米片对单质汞的吸附脱除特性

用简易热剥离法合成了氮化碳纳米片（CNNS）,再通过等体积浸渍法将铜负载于CNNS表面合成了载铜CNNS吸附剂,用于低温下吸附脱除气态单质汞（Hg⁰）.利用氮气吸附-脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对吸附剂进行表征.结果表明：CNNS对Hg⁰具有良好的吸附性能,吸附温度为120℃时,脱汞效率约为54.2%;载铜修饰可极大提高CNNS的脱汞活性,脱汞效率在40~240℃温度范围内均大于82.3%,这归因于铜与氮化碳间的紧密接触.煅烧温度对载铜CNNS的脱汞活性影响较大,最佳煅烧温度为200℃.通过载铜修饰可有效活化CNNS,提高其对Hg⁰的氧化能力,这可能归因于铜离子与氮化碳之间的莫特-肖特基电子转移效应.SO₂和水蒸气对载铜CNNS的脱汞性能有抑制作用.     

人群的自然和社会属性分类下PM2.5对心血管疾病的影响

为了研究人群在自然属性和社会属性分类下的效应修饰作用,利用2005~2011年北京市大气PM_2.5日均浓度、气象要素及循环系统疾病每日死亡人数数据,根据不同年龄、性别及学历将人群分组,采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型（GAM）,定量评价大气PM_2.5对居民循环系统疾病死亡人数的影响.单污染物模型和多污染物模型结果表明,PM_2.5为影响循环系统疾病每日死亡人数的主要大气污染物.北京市空气中PM_2.5的浓度每增加10μg/m³,循环系统疾病总死亡人数增加0.50%（95% CI：0.36,0.63）.不同人群的易感程度不同,各人群死亡人数的增加范围为0.23~0.71%,女性、60~74岁人群、文盲人群的健康风险相对较高.在文盲人群中,老年（60+）女性占比为66.2%,为了分离社会属性人群分类中可能存在的自然属性因素干扰,本文去除其中老年、女性这两个混杂因素的影响,文盲人群健康风险仍然大于较高学历的人群.年龄和性别因素叠加在学历因素上,可能加大低学历人群的健康风险,对于这部分叠加了自然因素和社会因素双重敏感性的人群应给与重点关注.