The influence of slope collapse on water exchange between a pit lake and a heterogeneous aquifer

Slope collapse will reduce the water exchange. Slope collapse will affect the spatial distribution of the water exchange. Precipitation have the most impact on the dynamics of the water exchange. Due to the increase in open pit mining, pit lakes have become common surface water features, posing a potential risk to subsurface aquifer. In this study, a pit lake–groundwater interaction model is built based on the general program MODFLOW with the LAK3 package. For the first time, the effects of lake-slope collapse and aquifer heterogeneity on pit lake–groundwater interactions are analyzed by dividing the lake into six water exchange zones based on the aquifer lithology and groundwater level. Our investigation and simulations reveal a total water exchange from groundwater to the lake of 349000 m³/a without collapse of the pit lake slope, while the total net water exchange under slope collapse conditions is 248000 m³/a (i.e., a reduction of 1.40-fold). The monthly net water exchange per unit width from groundwater to the lake reaches the largest in April, shifting to negative values in zone IV from June to August and in zone V in June and July. Moreover, the monthly net water exchange per unit width decreases from north to south, and the direction and magnitude of water exchange are found to depend on the hydraulic gradients between the lake and groundwater and the hydraulic conductivity of the slope collapse.     

基于云模型的隧道塌方风险等级评价

针对造成隧道塌方事故影响因子的复杂性和模糊性,基于云模型理论,选取影响隧道塌方风险的10项因子,建立了4个风险等级的隧道塌方风险评价模型。根据云模型的数字特征计算规则计算各因子隶属于不同风险等级的云模型数字特征,结合正向正态云发生器和各项评价因子的权重,获得云模型的综合确定度,最终由最大综合确定度确定隧道塌方风险等级。工程实例样本应用中,构建的隧道塌方风险评价云模型和模糊综合评价模型的评价结果相符,同时与相应的设计施工方案和施工安全风险评估报告的结果相吻合,表明该模型的可行性与有效性,体现出云模型中定性语言描述和定量数值间不确定转换的优点,且结果便于工程应用。     

基于需求时间的隧道塌方应急资源分级调度研究

为打破对物资送达时间的绝对性限制,均衡关注关键考量因素,提出需求时间的概念,借助ArcGIS绘制需求时间服务范围;考虑救援需求的不确定性,在需求时间服务范围内建立模型对应急资源进行分级调度,并对关键路段及交叉口制定应急交通管控预案.模型包括2部分,在路径决策方面,建立带需求时间和畅通可靠度阈值约束的路径选择决策综合评价...     

动态安全系统理论的研究与应用

将量子纠缠理论引入安全理论中,提出安全与危险纠缠机制;指出人们当前所处的“安全”的状态,实质上是“安全与风险叠加”的状态,是不确定的;而相对于当前的状态,之前的状态实质上是安全的,是确定的,由此重新给出了安全的新认知。再以安危纠缠和安全新认知为理论基础,建立了动态安全系统理论,给安全管理与事故预防提供了新思想和新方向。然后借由塔吊生产系统,展示了动态安全系统理论的应用,定量分析系统内部安全程度,从而使安全管理步入动态的定量化管理阶段。     

核电站主变压器包络线水喷雾系统设计探讨

针对目前扑救核电站主变压器立体火灾的水喷雾系统涉及的两个普通问题,即水喷雾覆盖存在干表面和着火变压可能爆炸,提出包络线法水喷雾灭火技术思想,并以某核电站变压器为例,介绍设计原理和步骤。     

Metrics for quantifying how much different threats contribute to red lists of species and ecosystems

Red lists are a crucial tool for the management of threatened species and ecosystems. Among the information red lists provide, the threats affecting the listed species or ecosystem, such as pollution or hunting, are of special relevance. This information can be used to quantify the relative contribution of different threat factors to biodiversity loss by disaggregating the cumulative extinction risk across species into components that can be attributed to certain threats. We devised and compared 3 metrics that accomplish this and may be used as indicators. The first metric calculates the portion of the temporal change in red list index (RLI) values that is caused by each threat. The second metric attributes the deviation of an RLI value from its reference value to different threats. The third metric uses extinction probabilities that are inferred from red list categories to estimate the contribution of a threat to the expected loss of species or ecosystems within 50 years. We used data from Norwegian Red Lists to test and evaluate these metrics. The first metric captured only a minor portion of the biodiversity loss caused by threats because it ignores species whose red list category does not change. Management authorities will often be interested in the contribution of a given threat to the total deviation from the optimal state. This was measured by the remaining metrics. The second metric was best suited for comparisons across countries or taxonomic groups. The third metric conveyed the same information but uses numbers of species or ecosystem as its unit, which is likely more intuitive to lay people and may be preferred when communicating with stakeholders or the general public.     

火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌分析与设计方法探讨

给出了火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌的定义,分析了工程结构在火灾作用下的特点,并给出了火灾连续性倒塌判断流程。在介绍目前常用的工程结构抗连续性倒塌分析设计方法的基础上,提出了采用替代路径法中的非线性静力分析方法对建筑结构进行火灾作用下抗连续性倒塌设计的思路。     

Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects

This paper discusses the social science and engineering dimensions of search and rescue (SAR) in collapsed buildings. First, existing information is presented on factors that influence the behaviour of trapped victims, particularly human, physical, socioeconomic and circumstantial factors. Trapped victims are most often discussed in the context of structural collapse and injuries sustained. Most studies in this area focus on earthquakes as the type of disaster that produces the most extensive structural damage. Second, information is set out on the engineering aspects of urban search and rescue (USAR) in the United States, including the role of structural engineers in USAR operations, training and certification of structural specialists, and safety and general procedures. The use of computational simulation to link the engineering and social science aspects of USAR is discussed. This could supplement training of local SAR groups and USAR teams, allowing them to understand better the collapse process and how voids form in a rubble pile. A preliminary simulation tool developed for this purpose is described.     

陕西榆林地区北部塌陷地震初步分析

介绍了陕西榆林地区北部所发生的几次典型塌陷地震的宏观情况,并利用陕西数字地震台网所记录的50次塌陷地震的地震波资料,从波形及时间、空间分布上初步分析了陕西榆林地区塌陷地震发生的基本特征。     

Advanced rescue techniques: lessons learned from the collapse of a building in Nairobi, Kenya

This paper examines the collapse of a five-storey building in Nairobi, Kenya, on 23 January 2006. It draws on reports from local authorities and on debriefings by Israel's Home Front Command (HFC), including information on injury distribution, rescue techniques, and the mode of operation. Most of the 117 people found under the structure were evacuated on the first day to a public hospital, which was overwhelmed by the incident. HFC forces arrived 23 hours after the disaster. At that stage, two people were still buried under the building and special techniques (tunnelling and scalping) were required to secure their evacuation. The two people quickly recovered after a short stay in hospital. Local technology is the preferred option during such events because time is crucial. International cooperation is required when this technology is not available. All of the hospitals in the disaster area, including private facilities, should participate in treating casualties.