AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM CONSTANT DRAWDOWN NONSTEADY-LEAKY TYPE CURVES1

ABSTRACT: A drain function and set of type curves were defined for the mathematical solution that represents one-dimensional flow under nonsteady conditions in a leaky aquifer for the constant drawdown boundary condition. A match point procedure was developed for determining the aquifer parameters transmissivity, storage coefficient, and leakance based on the drain function and type curves. Use of the procedure is illustrated by an example that utilizes simulated aquifer drawdowns and flowrate data. The drain function and type curves developed in this investigation include the effects of leakage for the constant drawdown boundary condition, which is not included in the existing drain function and type curve found in the literature. Thus, a new set of type curves was developed that can be used to analyze drawdowns for one-dimensional flow in a leaky aquifer with constant drawdown at a line sink. Applications would include flow to a canal or river, drainage of agricultural lands, and dewatering associated with strip mining operations.     

采煤塌陷区重金属污染水体修复技术探讨及展望——以唐山市南湖公园为例

以唐山南湖公园为例综述了采煤塌陷区水体重金属污染的来源、危害及修复技术,详细介绍植物修复技术,总结了采煤塌陷区重金属污染水体修复技术的发展趋势和方向.     

UBET在圆环压缩中的应用及绘制理论校准曲线精度的讨论

将UBET用于求解压缩圆环问题 ,可简便快速地取得上限解 ;进而采用该解绘制塑性加工中测量摩擦系数的理论校准曲线。对中性层的位置进行了精确求解 ;分析了绘制理论校准曲线时 ,总压缩量、压缩步长量等参数对其结果的影响     

高浓度有机氰废水的好氧可生化性研究

采用BODs／COD比值法和好氧呼吸曲线法在国内外首次针对高浓度有机氰废水及其污染物进行了全面的好氧可生化性的研究。结果表明，6种废水中，一段、二段急冷废水的可生化性能很差，很难用生化法进行处理I四效蒸发液，四效冷凝液可生化性较好适于生化处理，腈纶工艺废水在低浓度下，可以用生化法处理；高浓度有机氰废水中的9种污染物，丙烯腈、乙腈、丙烯酸、CN^-的好氧可生化性能较差，高浓度下对活性污泥有抑制作用，聚合物的可生化性能最差，根本无法被好氧生物降解。     

Analysis of the long-term behavior of solute transport with nonlinear equilibrium sorption using breakthrough curves and temporal moments

We analyzed the long-term behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) and temporal moments of a solute subjected to Freundlich equilibrium sorption (s = kc(n)). For one-dimensional transport in a homogeneous porous medium, we derived a power-law relation between travel time, tau, and solute displacement, chi, with the exponent being equal to the Freundlich n exponent. The mean solute velocity, derived from the first time moment, was found to change as tau(n-1). For n values larger than 0.66, the second time moment could be related to c chi(2/n), where c is a constant. An approach based on the use of a critical concentration was developed to estimate the presence of the asymptotic regime in the tail of the BTC. This approach was tested successfully using numerical case studies. One-dimensional numerical simulations with varying values of k, n and initial mass were run to verify the closed form analytical expressions for the large time behavior of temporal moments and the tailing part of breakthrough curves. Good agreement between the slope of the tailing part of log-log transformed BTCs and the predicted slope using asymptotic theory was found. Asymptotic theory in general underestimated the magnitude of the concentration in the tail. The quality of the estimated concentrations in the tail improved for small values of the dispersivity. Experimental BTCs of uranin and benazolin were analyzed in combination with sorption/desorption batch experiments using asymptotic theory. A good agreement between the value of n parameter derived from desorption experiment with benazolin and the value of the n parameter derived from the tail of the BTC was found.     

Sorption of Cu and Zn by bone charcoal

Bone charcoal is being developed as a treatment for decontaminating polluted water. In particular, its potential to adsorb metal species from contaminated water supplies is being examined. In this study, bone charcoal was used in batch and column experiments designed to investigate the sorption of two cationic metals Cu and Zn. The data from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir isotherm and so theoretical maximum binding capacities could be obtained. These values were compared with experimental values derived from the column experiments. The mechanisms involved in the immobilisation were also investigated.     

Some statistical and conceptual issues in the detection of low-level environmental pollutants

With increasing concern over chemicals that are potential health hazards at low levels, determination of limits of detection have undergone considerable scrutiny. Most traditional detection limit estimators suffer from extensive statistical and/or conceptual limitations. In this paper, traditional detection limit estimators are described and critically evaluated. Using the terminology of Currie (1968), methods are categorized into decision limits versus detection limits. The methods are further categorized into single concentration design versus calibration design methodologies. While the single concentration design methods are useful for fixing ideas and clarifying definitions, they are shown to be extremely limited in practice since dependence of variability on concentration can neither be estimated or incorporated. Calibration-based detection limit estimators are described, compared and contrasted. Generalizations to non-constant variance, multiple future detection decisions and simultaneous control of Type I and II errors are provided. The various calibration-based methods are illustrated using real data and experimental design issues for detection limit studies discussed.     

砷胁迫下蜈蚣草光合作用的变化

利用荧光成像技术研究了营养液培养条件下砷胁迫对蜈蚣草光合作用的影响。在0、5、10、20和40mg·L-1质量浓度的砷处理中,蜈蚣草地上部、地下部生物量无显著差异(P=0.01),变化范围分别为1.24～1.33,0.24～0.30g;地上、地下部砷质量分数变化范围分别为191～1129和160～548mg·kg-1,其质量分数的比值范围为1.20～2.35。砷胁迫下,全叶片蜈蚣草Fv/Fm变化范围为0.498～0.566,与对照(0.786)相比较下降超过30%;快速光曲线中最大潜在相对电子传递速率(Pm)、半饱和光强(Ik)随砷处理浓度的增加而下降,其变化范围分别为24.52～47.67和140.50～217.45μmol·m-2·s-1,下降比例分别为28%~49%和24%~35%;快速光曲线的初始斜率(α)随砷处理浓度的增加下降不明显,变化范围为0.17～0.22。以上结果显示尽管蜈蚣草对砷超量吸收并且有效向地上部分转移,但Fv/Fm显著下降反映蜈蚣草光合作用受到明显的砷胁迫。Pm、Ik的下降反映出蜈蚣草光耐受能力和电子传递能力在砷胁迫下逐渐减弱;α下降不明显反映蜈蚣草捕光能力在砷胁迫过程中始终维持较高水平,砷胁迫并未对蜈蚣草捕光系统造成显著伤害。     

采空区地面塌陷危险性两级模糊综合评判

根据门城镇采空区实地勘查资料,采用两级模糊综合评判的理论与方法,建立了地面塌陷危险性评判模型及评判指标,对采空区地面塌陷危险性进行了分区预测,其结果与实际情况吻合较好,可作为该区的开发建设规划及地质灾害防治工作的依据。