The presence of females modulates the expression of a carotenoid-based sexual signal

Several environmental factors have been shown to shape the pattern of investment of carotenoids into the expression of sexual signals. Surprisingly, the impact of the social environment has been neglected. If a carotenoid-based sexual trait is used by females to choose a mate or by males to assess the quality of potential competitors for mates, males, in the presence of females, should upregulate expression of the trait. We tested this hypothesis in male zebra finches that were housed either with females or in a male-only social environment. Additionally, to investigate whether the social modulation of the expression of a sexual trait depends on the physiological need of carotenoids, we challenged half of the males with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that the social environment modulated the expression of bill color, with males kept in the presence of females harboring a redder bill at the end of the 3 weeks that the experiment lasted. Males injected with LPS showed duller bill color regardless of the presence of females, and social interactions with females result in upregulated bill color similarly for phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and LPS males. Thus, social environment and immune activation had an additive effect on the expression of bill color. The effect of social environment on plasma carotenoids was less clear. Indeed, a first replicate of the entire experiment showed that both immune challenge and social context affected bill color, with a negative effect of immune challenge and a positive effect of the presence of females on circulating carotenoids. However, a second replicate of the experiment showed only a negative effect of the immune challenge. These results, therefore, suggest that the social environment can affect the expression of carotenoid-based sexual traits under both benign and carotenoid-demanding conditions. Whatever the signaling function of bill color (female mate choice or male–male competition for mates), the observed flexibility may be adaptive because the expression of the signal can be modulated depending on the expected rewards or costs associated with the presence or absence of females. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying such an effect are still unknown.     

彩色红外航片用于水污染遥感监测的定量分析

采用比值法对1：2000彩红外航空胶片透射密度值进行修正,并与运河水质污染参数进行相关统计分析,提出了水质有机污染参数的最佳影象探测密度,建立了相关模型。根据航片密度值估算了苏南大运河水质有机污染参数。结果表明,利用彩红外航片进行大范围水污染遥感监测是可行的。     

色彩心理与城市交通安全文化分析

城市交通采用什么色彩更适宜,是一个交通安全文化与色彩设计和谐的问题。为防止或减少因交通色彩无秩序、不和谐、无标准而导致的交通事故,对交通、色彩、环境与人这一复杂系统当中色彩作用于人的心理而引起的感性及生理上的反应与交通色彩安全问题做了分析,阐述了色彩心理效应对交通安全文化的要求,提出了控制对策,为今后城市交通安全色彩设计提供了基础研究。     

Measurements of Wastewater True Color by 4/6 Wavelength Methods and Artificial Neural Network

The ADMI (American Dye Manufactures’ Institute) 3 and 31 wavelength (WL) methods are the most popular measurements of the wastewater true color. However, significantly different measured results were found between the ADMI 3 and 31 WL methods for the same sample. This finding indicates that the ADMI 3 and 31 WL values should not be directly substituted for each other, resulting in the incomparability of these two color values. An innovative calculation using the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPN) was therefore proposed to replace the original calculation method proposed in Standard Method. The BPN-calculated ADMI 3 WL values were found to be very close to the corresponding measured ADMI 31 WL values. Additionally, for more accurate measurement of the true color, new measurement methods containing 4 and 6 wavelengths were proposed and cooperated with the BPN calculation model. The new approaches performed very accuracy measured results of the wastewater true color. Finally, the trained BPN calculation models were built to be applied to measure the true color of real textile samples and also performed very good measured results.     

铁盐类无机有机复合絮凝剂的水解特性及脱色效能

研究氯化铁(FeCl3)-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)和聚合氯化铁(PFC)-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)复合絮凝剂的水解历程、水解产物的特性和电荷特性,考察絮凝剂的水解对脱色效果的影响.结果表明,复合絮凝剂与FeCl3和PFC相比,具有水解速度快,水解稳定期长,表面电荷高,pH适用范围广的特点.     

基于Matlab的短路熔痕凝固过程中熔体温度测算方法*

为解决无法对瞬时凝固的熔痕高温熔体进行测温，从而致使火灾物证鉴定界对短路熔痕组织形成规律无法达成共识的问题，使用高速摄像机采集熔痕形成时熔体的彩色影像，运用Matlab图像色温识别技术，对熔体凝固时的色彩变化进行识别与分析，从而建立测算短路熔痕凝固速率的方法。结果表明:该方法的平均标准差为9.63，标准不确定度为2.55 K，计算结果满足测试要求；在测算的10个熔痕中，灭弧瞬间熔体温度为1 734.03~2 759.15 K，初始冷却速率为-255.16~-86.61 K/ms，凝固时长为46.45~87.99 ms；灭弧时熔体温度与初始冷却速率呈近似正相关关系，与熔痕体积无关。通过此方法测算短路发生时高温熔体的温度变化，可为研究短路故障迸溅熔痕引燃、熔痕组织变化规律提供方法支持。     

Utilization of UV‐A and UV‐C radiation in advanced oxidation processes with the intention of removing color and organic matter from the gross leachate of a stabilized sanitary landfill

The present work investigated color and biochemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from treated landfill leachate via advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) artificially emitted. The AOP H₂O₂/UV, TiO₂/UV, and photolysis were tested in two bench‐scale photoreactors: The first one with UV‐C lamp and the other with UV‐A lamp associated or not with coagulation / flocculation pretreatment. Crude leachate samples with pH ranging from 8 to 3 were used, and time varied in 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Experiments were performed in two stages: step 1 with a 20 mL volume from each sample and step 2 with repetition of the best results from the previous step, adopting the 150 mL volume. In step 1, the AOP applied in the crude leachate sample showed the best results, standing out H₂O₂/UV‐C with 30 minutes and TiO₂/UV‐A with 60 minutes. In step 2, H₂O₂/UV‐C had a 60% color removal and 25% COD reduction, while TiO₂/UV‐A had a 10% color removal and 20% COD reduction. Therefore, the H₂O₂/UV‐C process was the most efficient, because the complex characteristics of the effluent interfered in the TiO₂/UV‐A efficiency, but it is necessary to eliminate the process interferences. The use of artificial radiation is a viable alternative; however, it can be costly, being relevant in the associations between processes with artificial UV and solar UV, as the natural radiation becomes more attractive and allows the process operating costs reduction.     

共价键型有机硅铝复合絮凝剂的混凝效果

利用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、二乙氧基二甲基硅烷(DEDMS)和γ-氨丙基二乙氧基甲基硅烷(APDES)3种硅烷偶联剂作为有机硅源,制备了共价键型有机硅铝复合絮凝剂,研究了共价键型有机硅铝复合絮凝剂处理浊度水、色度水、含油废水以及垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液的效果。结果表明,3种共价键型有机硅铝复合絮凝剂具有优良的除浊脱色性能,其除油效果远远优于无机高分子絮凝剂。对于垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液,共价键型有机硅铝复合絮凝剂可以去除常规絮凝剂无法去除的物质,显著降低出水COD。3种共价键型絮凝剂中,以TEOS为硅源的共价键型絮凝剂除浊效果最佳,以APDES为硅源的共价键型絮凝剂除油和去除COD效果最佳。共价键型有机硅铝复合絮凝剂在含油废水和高浓度有机废水的深度处理方面有很好的应用前景。     

关于DPD光度法测游离氯操作步骤的几点分析

对N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法测游离氯的3个较权威的版本的操作步骤在显色效果、显色物稳定性、标准曲线和实测样品结果方面进行了对比,对<水质游离氯和总氯的测定N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺分光光度法>(GB 11898-1989)操作步骤提出了一点改进建议.     

环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层户外暴露试验与实验室综合加速试验的相关性研究

目的 研究有机涂层在拉萨试验站户外暴露试验与多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验条件下的相关性。方法 以环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层为研究对象,通过开展户外暴露试验和实验室综合模拟加速试验,利用光泽计和色差仪等分析设备,获得用于表征涂层老化性能的色差和失光率变化规律,比较涂层体系在2种试验条件下老化程度。采用ATR-FTIR、EIS等方法研究涂层分子结构变化和不同环境条件对涂层防腐性能的影响,并分析涂层的降解机理。采用Spearman秩相关系数(rhos)法计算涂层体系在2种环境下的相关性。结果 与户外暴露试验12个月相比,综合模拟加速试验60 d,环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层的色差和失光率基本一致,其色差的相关性为0.771 4,失光率的相关性为0.828 6。结论 与拉萨试验站户外暴露试验相比较,环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层体系在综合加速试验后的色差、失光率、红外光谱、电化学阻抗等关键性能参数变化趋势基本一致,老化机理基本相同。多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验装置能够综合模拟高原高寒气候环境下阳辐射、气压、温度和湿度等环境因素,具有较好的模拟性和相关性。