成都市冬季大气消光系数及其组成的特征研究

由于气溶胶吸湿增长的复杂性和不确定性,大气消光的演化机理至今尚不十分清晰.为此,利用成都市2017年12月浊度仪和黑碳仪的逐时观测资料,结合同时次的环境气象监测数据,系统研究了该区域冬季对应550 nm大气消光系数及其组成的特征.结果表明:①观测期间大气消光系数为(1173.42±641.21) Mm~(-1),其中"干"气溶胶散射系数、"干"气溶胶吸收系数、干洁大气散射系数、气态污染物吸收系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数对其平均贡献率分别是53.02%、6.54%、1.50%、1.65%和37.29%.②大气消光系数、"干"气溶胶散射系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数的日变化为"单峰单谷型",而"干"气溶胶吸收系数和气态污染物吸收系数的日变化则分别表现为"单谷型"和"双峰双谷型".③明确了单位质量大气消光系数及其组成随相对湿度的变化特征,并就其各自成因进行了分析.     

Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs)

Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells(SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study.Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032 mW/m~2 and COD degradation of 47.3% were obtained in the case of an interface pore size of 0.28 μm. The findings in this study are of significance to promote the future practical application of SSMFCs in wastewater treatment plants.     

北京地区大气温湿廓线对气溶胶垂直分布的影响

目的分析北京地区大气温湿廓线对气溶胶垂直分布的影响。方法利用北京地区2017年9月至2018年8月每日两次(08时和20时)的气象探空、地面PM_(2.5)浓度和气溶胶激光雷达消光系数资料,分析不同污染条件下大气温湿廓线与气溶胶消光系数廓线的关系。结果地面PM_(2.5)浓度和210m气溶胶消光系数的相关系数达到0.77。春季、秋季和冬季污染条件下的近地面消光系数约是清洁条件下的5倍,夏季污染条件下的近地面消光系数约是清洁条件下的3倍。相比清洁条件下,污染条件下各季节的大气温度垂直递减率偏小,并且低层大气相对湿度偏大。结论大气温度廓线代表大气层结稳定性,影响气溶胶的扩散高度,而相对湿度廓线与气溶胶吸湿增长密切相关,两者对气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布都有重要影响。     

基于Revised IMPROVE方法和MIE方法计算北京地区气溶胶消光系数的对比分析

目的对比分析IMPROVE方程的改进算法(Revised IMPROVE)和MIE方法在北京地区计算消光系数的适用性。方法基于2012年6月3日至6月30日北京地区大气颗粒物成分的浓度观测数据,分别采用Revised IMPROVE和MIE方法计算颗粒物的消光系数,其中MIE方法的粒径分布采用总量双峰分布体积谱和化学组分体积谱两种方案进行循环试验获取最优拟合结果,使用散射积分浊度计和黑碳仪的实测数据对计算结果进行对比分析。结果 RevisedIMPROVE方程、总量双峰体积谱MIE方法和化学组分体积谱MIE方法都能较好地计算出了大气颗粒物消光系数,与观测结果回归方程的相关系数R分别达到0.952、0.9686和0.9734。体积谱分布参数的循环试验方法还同时可以获得气溶胶的体积谱分布参数,总量双峰体积谱和化学组分体积谱MIE方法得到的细颗粒和粗颗粒几何平均粒径分别为0.74、7.5μm和0.48、6.0μm。结论采用化学组分体积谱MIE方法计算的消光系数与观测结果最为接近,Revised IMPROVE方程也有较好的准确性,采用化学组分体积谱MIE方法得到的颗粒物体积谱峰值与实际观测结果也较为一致。     

北方农田镉污染土壤玉米生产阈值及产区划分初探

为探究我国北方镉(Cd)污染农田中玉米安全生产的土壤阈值以及产区划分,于部分北方玉米主要产区(含不同程度Cd污染)收集了 129套点对点的土壤-玉米样品,分析了土壤理化性质与土壤、玉米籽粒Cd含量之间的相关性,利用多元线性回归法和物种敏感度分布曲线法(SSD)推导不同土壤情景下土壤Cd的生态阈值,并进行了玉米"宜产、限产、禁产"产区划分.结果表明,研究区土壤与玉米籽粒中Cd含量超标分别为99.62％和49.61％;玉米籽粒中Cd富集系数(BCF)与土壤pH、土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤有效态Cd含量(DTPA浸提)均呈极显著相关性(P＜0.01).多元线性回归法的预测可解释因变量71.9％的变异量;基于研究区土壤特性以及参考资料,划分3种不同土壤情景分别为,情景1:6.5＜pH≤7.5,土壤 ω(SOM)=15 g·kg-1,土壤 CEC=15 cmol·kg-1;情景2:7.5＜pH＜8.5,土壤 ω(SOM)=20 g·kg-1,土壤 CEC=20 cmol·kg-1;情景3:pH≥8.5,土壤 ω(SOM)=17 g·kg-1,土壤 CEC=17 cmol.kg-1,利用 SSD 法中 Logistic 函数模型推导以上3种情景的粮食宜产区土壤Cd阈值分别为3.00、3.80和3.11 mg·kg-1;禁产区阈值为8.95、9.10和7.21 mg～kg-1,当土壤Cd含量介于宜产区阈值与禁产区阈值之间时该区域划分为粮食限产区;玉米用于饲料使用时3种情景下的饲料宜产区阈值分别为14.94、18.90和15.55 mg·kg-1,禁产区阈值分别为44.93、45.40和36.05 mg·kg-1,两者之间的区域为饲料限产区.以上方法和结果可为我国北方农田土壤的安全生产提供参考,并为土壤生态阈值的标准制定提供科学依据.     

大直径薄壁半环拉伸模具的设计

分析半环件的成形规律,制定加工工艺方案,对毛坯展开料、模具的几个主要参数、拉伸零件所需冲床规格进行了计算。     

江苏省环境与人口、经济的协调发展分析——基于环境安全视角

协调发展既是国民经济乐观发展的客观要求,同时也是人类可持续发展不可或缺的组成部分。江苏省协调发展问题的研究有利于解决环境问题的定位,发现环境发展中的薄弱点与发展潜力,促进环境与人口、经济的协调发展。以环境安全理论为依托,以强调协调发展为出发点,建立江苏省环境与人口、经济系统的协调发展指标体系,应用改进的层次分析法（AHP）及变异系数法权重均值赋权,借鉴模糊数学中隶属度函数来计算协调系数。结果表明：2001~2010年江苏省环境与人口、经济系统的平均协调水平处于基本协调状态,并且有稳中上升的趋势,协调发展前景乐观;同时分析并提出了建立健全江苏省协调发展机制、探讨环境安全维护体系建设、制订缓解人口压力政策等建议     

Risk assessment for safety of soils and vegetables around a lead/zinc mine

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were determined in soils and vegetables (chrysanthemum, spinach and four cultivars of Chinese cabbage from the area adjacent to a Pb/Zn mine in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China, and compared with the Chinese National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality. The accumulation of heavy metals in cabbage cv. Siyuegreen was investigated at different distances from the center of the mine. The vegetable plantation soils were polluted with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, especially by Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd were 20 and 30 times higher than the permitted standards, indicating that this Pb/Zn mining area is unsuitable for agricultural use. Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum and spinach had different enrichment coefficients. The enrichment coefficient of Cd from soil to roots of chrysanthemum was >80% and from roots to leaves of cabbage cv. Shanghaigreen was >120%. These vegetables were polluted by heavy metals and could not be regarded as safe for human consumption. Environmental accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetable plantation soils was proportional to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and both were inversely proportional to the distance from the lead/zinc mine.     

Vapour pressures, aqueous solubility, Henry's law constants and air/water partition coefficients of 1,8-dichlorooctane and 1,8-dibromooctane

New data on the vapour pressures and aqueous solubility of 1,8-dichlorooctane and 1,8-dibromooctane are reported as a function of temperature between 20 °C and 80 °C and 1 °C and 40 °C, respectively. For the vapour pressures, a static method was used during the measurements which have an estimated uncertainty between 3% and 5%. The aqueous solubilities were determined using a dynamic saturation column method and the values are accurate to within ±10%. 1,8-Dichlorooctane is more volatile than 1,8-dibromooctane in the temperature range covered (p_sat varies from 3 to 250 Pa and from 0.53 to 62 Pa, respectively) and is also approximately three times more soluble in water (mole fraction solubilities at 25 °C of 5.95 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.92 × 10⁻⁷, respectively). A combination of the two sets of data allowed the calculation of the Henry’s law constants and the air water partition coefficients. A simple group contribution concept was used to rationalize the data obtained.     

Can aquatic distribution of human pharmaceuticals be related to pharmacological data?

The recognition of pharmaceuticals as significant environmental contaminants has only been a recent phenomenon. Therefore there is a paucity of data relating to the fate and effects of pharmaceuticals once they enter an aquatic receiving system. The amount of work that needs to be done in terms of risk assessment for pharmaceuticals required by regulatory agencies is substantial. This paper has determined the environmental partitioning coefficient (K_d) of 13 diverse human pharmaceuticals in three model systems of differing combinations of solid phases and solutions. The K_d values were then compared with distribution values of the pharmaceuticals in the human body determined from pharmacological studies. This was done to assess the functional relationship between K_d and distribution values in the human body (V_D). K_d values ranged from 3 to 2450 L kg⁻¹. Regression coefficients ranged from r² = 0.62–0.72, indicating that V_D values are a useful indicator for the K_d values of the tested pharmaceuticals within the batch sorption systems. The relationship between K_d and V_D should therefore be further explored to determine whether this relationship can be applied to a broader range of pharmaceuticals in more diverse environmental systems. Exploiting available human pharmacological data in such a way would be of great benefit in prioritising human pharmaceuticals as environmental contaminants in the risk assessment process.