Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations

In practice, pesticides are usually applied simultaneously or one after another for crop protection, and this type of pesticide application often leads to a combined contamination of pesticide residues in the soil environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorothalonil on chlorpyrifos degradation and its effects on soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations. Under the experimental conditions here, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination with chlorothalonil, at the recommended and double dosages, were measured to be 3.24, 2.77, and 2.63 d, respectively. Chlorpyrifos degradation was not significantly altered by its combination with chlorothalonil. However, the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microorganisms was increased by its combination with chlorothalonil, and the increase was related to the levels of chlorothalonil added. Compared to those in the controls, the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly reduced by 44.1%, 61.1%, and 72.8%, respectively, on the first day after treatment (DAT) by chlorpyrifos alone. With the addition of chlorothalonil, the inhibition was increased to 55.2%, 79.3%, and 85.8% at the recommended dosage, and 86.0%, 94.1%, and 90.8% at the double dosage, at one DAT, respectively. The results suggested that combined effects should be taken into account to assess the actual impacts of pesticide applications.     

污水生物生态处理工艺中的脱氮机理研究

通过水解池-美人蕉湿地、水解/接触氧化池-菖蒲湿地现场实验装置考察了生物-生态工艺深度净化分散生活污水的效果。结果表明,水解池-美人蕉湿地尽管湿地停留时间达到7 d，出水NH⁺₄-N仍难以达到一级A（GB18918-2002）标准；而增加接触氧化池后，湿地停留时间仅2 d，组合工艺出水水质远优于一级A出水要求。美人蕉湿地脱氮的主要途径是湿地微生物的硝化/反硝化，植物吸收约占28%。对经接触氧化处理，NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N浓度均较高的进水，菖蒲湿地可在C/N小于2时高效脱氮。菖蒲湿地对TN的去除占组合工艺TN去除量的79%，其中植物吸收仅占湿地除氮总量的8%。湿地介质的厌氧氨氧化活性试验表明，菖蒲湿地介质表面的微生物在无有机碳源存在的条件下，可使培养液中的NH⁺₄-N与NO^-₃-N、NO^-₂-N短期内发生同步脱氮，厌氧氨氧化可能是菖蒲湿地在进水低碳源条件下脱氮的主要原因。     

食品质量与安全专业课程改革实践

专业课程改革以职业实践活动为导向,以职业资格认定为目标,以工学结合为切入点,将职业学习与工作领域相统一作为改革的总体思路。食品质量与安全专业经过努力,专业课程改革建设中取得了一定的成效,至2008年已建成《食品微生物学及微生物检验》一门院级精品课。     

电-袋组合式除尘技术应用评述

简要介绍了电-袋组合式除尘器的类型及在我国的发展概况,重点评述了电-袋组合式除尘器的优点,简要分析了电-袋组合式除尘器滤袋过早破损的原因,并对今后电-袋组合技术的推广和应用提出了建议。     

Blends of karanja and jatropha biodiesels for diesel engine applications

Over a number of years, the work of exploring different biodiesels as an alternative to diesel fuel has been carried out worldwide. Not much focus on the use of combination of different biodiesels and their behaviour in diesel engines has been reported. This work is an attempt in this direction, which reports on the use of combination of biodiesels derived from jatropha and karanja oils. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) represent the respective biodiesels derived from these non-edible oils. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using these biodiesel combinations in order to check their feasibility as alternative fuels to diesel. Initially, experiments were conducted on each biodiesel and their blends with diesel and engine parameters were optimised in terms of injection pressure and injection timing. Advancing the injection timing improved the overall performance of the engine fuelled with JOME while retarding the injection timing favoured the HOME. Both biodiesels performed better with an injector opening pressure of 230 bar. Finally, experiments were conducted with the combination of both biodiesels with different blend ratios. It was observed that increasing the JOME content in the biodiesels blend improved the performance with reduced emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However NO _x emission increased.     

石油降解菌的分离筛选及混合菌群的构建与优化

以河南濮阳油田超重质原油为研究对象,从污染井场土壤中分离并筛选出几株高效降解细菌、酵母菌和霉菌。由于不同类型微生物对碳源的利用目标和方式有所不同,而将3类不同类型菌种进行排列组合进行降解实验,最终优选出一组石油降解优势菌群。该文还利用正交优化法对降解菌的最佳添加量进行计算,结果显示,最佳接种量为X25：1．5％,Z3：1％,X18：1％,Z28：2％。利用该优化结果进行降解实验,石油的降解率在一定程度上提高了。在对濮阳、南阳和延长油田不同原油进行为期8d的降解实验中,显示了较高的降解效率,降解率分别为56．93％、65．66％、82．69％。实验证明,该降解菌群能不仅能有效够降解超重油,而且对重质原油和轻质原油表现出更好的降解能力。因此,该研究为石油污染物的降解提供了有效的菌种资源。     

物理和生物组合扰动对底泥微界面过程的影响

借助Rhizon间隙水采样技术、Unisense微电极技术,解析了物理扰动和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对底泥微界面和微环境特征的协同作用.结果表明,组合扰动、生物扰动均导致溶解氧渗透深度(OPD)、总氧气交换速率(TOE)、含水率、总微生物活性显著增加,并保持在高于对照实验的水平.并且,组合扰动下,这些指标随着物理扰动强度增加而有所增加.对于Fe2+而言,组合扰动和生物扰动均导致Fe2+含量明显降低,且降低幅度明显大于对照实验.Fe2+、含水率、总微生物活性在底泥0~4 cm内受扰动影响变化幅度较大.这可能是内源磷形态转化的"活性区域".对组合扰动下OPD、TOE、Fe2+、含水率、总微生物活性与物理扰动强度进行曲线拟合.结果表明,各拟合方程均符合2阶多项式,且当扰动强度≥34 r·min-1,组合扰动对上述指标产生"跃变式"叠加作用.这种改造效应可能是内源磷形态转化的主要诱发机制.     

陕西省能源消费的组合预测

组合预测理论及建模技术对于信息不完备的复杂经济系统具有一定的实用性。鉴于能源消费系统的复杂性及非线性的特征,文章首先利用陕西能源消费量的历史数据,分别采用指数回归模型、能源需求弹性回归模型及灰色模型建立了陕西省能源消费系统的单项预测模型。其次,采用标准差法进行非负权重分配,建立了陕西省能源消费量的组合预测模型。结果表明,加入时间虚拟变量和分段建模的预测精度明显提高,且组合预测模型的精度高于单项预测模型。最后,应用该模型对陕西未来10年的能源消费量进行了预测。     

超声强化技术在水处理中的应用研究进展

作为高级氧化技术,超声空化产生元选择性的强氧化性自由基,具有较大优势,但由于超声空化机理的特点使得有机物的完全矿化受到限制,而提高超声效率的常见方法有：优化频率、声强,与其他技术组合等。文章主要从超声波参数,添加剂,超声-高级氧化技术、超声-活性炭、超声-微生物处理、超声-石墨、超声-气浮、超声-膜处理、超声-混凝、超声-消毒技术等方面综述了超声强化技术原理及其在水处理中的应用研究进展。其中研究较少的方法有间歇超声、多频超声、充入多种气体以及超声与各工艺组合,如超声与活性炭、等离子体技术等组合,这些强化技术都-定程度的强化了超声效果。有些组合暂时未用于水处理,但经过完善也将大大催进水处理事业的发展。虽然超声波具有较大优势,但是由于其成本高,反应器生产技术限制。超声波大规模用于实际生产还需要较长-段时间。     

农村合村并居中居民点土地整理研究——以德州市为例

随着我国城镇化水平的提高,农村居民点用地与耕地、城市建设用地的矛盾日益突出.在综述农村居民点土地整理研究现状的基础上,结合国家农村建设用地标准对德州市农村居民点用地潜力进行了测算,对居民点土地整理的效益进行了评价,并对德州市合村并居中农村居民点土地整理提出了建议.