潮汐河流动态水环境容量计算方法探讨

基于目前采用的静态水态水质数学模型计算河流平均水环境容量的方法，难于满足感潮河流的动态水环境容量时变过程，且计算精度不高的情况，提出了潮汐河流动态水环境容量的计算方法和计算步骤，以满足感潮河流水质管理规划的需要。通过对某一感潮河流实际计算应用，表明这一新的计算方法在理论上与实践上是可行的。     

渭河宝鸡市区段阴离子表面活性剂污染研究

本文采用改进的亚甲蓝分光光度法，对渭河宝鸡市区段阴离子表面活性剂进行监测分析。测定结果表明：渭河在进入宝鸡市至植物园断面时阴离子表面活性剂含量较低，日平均值为0．049mg／L，达到地面水环境质量I类标准(≤0．2mg／L)(GB3838-88．地面水环境质量标准)；在流经市区新世纪桥、渭河桥断面时，由于分别有清姜河和金陵河两个支流的汇入，污染越来越严重．在这两个断面阴离子表面活性剂含量日平均值分别为0．34mg／L和0．54mg／L；在即将流出宝鸡市的斗鸡断面阴离子表面活性剂含量日平均值为0．424mg／L，已远远超过地面水环境质量V类标准(≤0．3mg／L)(GB3838-88，地面水环境质量标准)。从监测结果看：双休日阴离子表面活性剂含量普遍高于工作日；清姜河、金陵河污染严重，这两条支流的汇入对渭河水质影响巨大，要治理好渭河，须先治理好清姜河和金陵河这两条支流。     

·OH的形成机理及在水处理中的应用

以产生大量·OH为特点的高级氧化水处理技术已逐渐成为各国水处理技术研究的热点。在讨论·OH氧化能力的同时 ,重点讨论了Fenton法、纳米光催化氧化法、电化学催化降解法以及超声降解法·OH的形成机理 ,介绍了它们在水处理中的工业化应用及进展情况 ,展望了今后在该领域中多种氧化降解方法协同作用的发展方向     

Methylmercury and total mercury in estuarine organisms from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Guanabara Bay (GB), located in the Rio de Janeiro State, is still a productive estuary on the south-eastern Brazilian coast. It is an ecosystem heavily impacted by organic matter, oil and a number of other toxic compounds, including Hg. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the aquatic total mercury (THg) and MeHg contamination, and the ratios of MeHg to THg (% MeHg), in 3 species of marine organisms, Micropogonias furnieri-carnivorous fish (N = 81), Mugil spp.--detritivorous fish (N = 20) and Perna perna--filter-feeding bivalves (N = 190), which are widely consumed by the population. A total of 291 specimens were collected at the bay in different periods between 1988 and 1998. THg concentrations were determined by cold vapour AAS with stannous chloride as a reducing agent. MeHg was extracted by dithizone-benzene and measured by GC-ECD. Analytical quality was checked through certified standards. All organisms presented both low THg and MeHg concentrations and they were below the maximum limit of 1,000 micrograms Hg.kg-1 wet wt. as established for human intake of predatory fish by the new Brazilian legislation. Carnivorous fish showed higher THg and MeHg concentrations, and also % MeHg in muscle tissues, than organisms with other feeding habits and lower trophic levels. The average of THg concentrations in carnivorous fish was 108.9 +/- 58.6 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 61) in 1990 and 199.5 +/- 116.2 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 20) in 1998, but they presented different total length and body weights. The average THg content in detritivorous fish was 15.4 +/- 5.8 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt., whereas THg concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 53.5 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. for the molluscs. The THg and MeHg contents of mussel varied according to the sampling point and water quality. MeHg concentration in detritivorous fish was similar to MeHg concentration in molluscs, but there was a significant difference in the MeHg/THg ratio: the carnivorous fish presented higher MeHg percentages (98%) than the detritivorous fish (54%) and the molluscs (33%). Weight-normalised average concentration of THg in carnivorous fish collected in 1990 (0.18 +/- 0.08 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) and in 1998 (0.16 +/- 0.09 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) presented no significant difference (t = 1.34; P < 0.5). In conclusion, the low THg and MeHg concentrations in the organisms from the GB ecosystem, are related to its eutrophic conditions and elevated amounts of suspended matter. In this situation, Hg could be strongly complexed or adsorbed by the particulate, which would dilute the Hg inputs and reduce its residence time in the water column, with a consequent decrease in its availability to organisms.     

Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai

To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.     

空气质量评价的参数化多元组合算子模型

传统的空气质量评价的参数化组合算子模型不具有可比性和普适性。在适当设定指标参照值cj0和指标规范变换式基础上,提出了一个对多项空气指标的规范值xj都适用的空气质量评价的参数化多元组合算子模型;采用混合蛙跳算法对模型中的参数进行优化,得到优化后对多项空气指标皆普遍适用的空气质量评价的参数化多元组合算子模型。该模型被应用于多个不同地区的不同组合指标的空气质量评价,其评价结果与用其它多种方法的评价结果相一致。结果表明:用指标规范值表示的参数化多元组合算子模型为空气质量评价提供了一种计算简便和普适通用的新方法。     

我国废钢铁加工设备生产使用现状及前景展望

对我国2009年粗钢产量及废钢铁加工供应情况进行概述和预测,介绍了我国废钢铁加工设备的生产规模、使用状况及研发现状,以及我国废钢铁加工设备的种类及其性能。展望了我国废钢铁加工设备的前景,指出质优价廉、适合中国国情、具有环保功能的废钢铁加工设备市场发展空间巨大。     

流程制造业与循环经济

阐述了发展循环经济的意义与循环经济的内涵,提出技术-经济及时空因素的集成与协调是推进循环经济的有效手段。在我国实现新型工业化的过程中,流程制造业既是支柱产业、基础产业,也是推进循环经济的重要切入点。     

我国东部沿海地区农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析

农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析,是乡村地理学研究的重要内容。论文通过构建农村发展态势评价指标体系,应用因子分析方法和驱动力指数模型,开展了我国东部沿海地区农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析。结果如下:①1990年农村发展水平普遍比较落后,2000年农村发展总体格局基本形成,2005年各地区普遍进入中等以上发达水平,但区域差异进一步拉大,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲地区农村发展呈面状辐射扩散态势;②除人均耕地面积、单位播种面积农业机械总动力外,其他指标均为农村发展的积极推动因素,尤以农民人均所得指标为最;③今后应借助工业化、城镇化的外部动力和农村自我发展能力的合力助推,倡导资源节约集约利用与生态环境保护意识,注重农村劳动力资源的培育与引进,既要进行农村产业升级,强化非农产业发展,又要加快现代农业建设。     

海洋水体原油污染存在形态及处置技术研究

详细描述了原油在海洋中存在的形态及对溢油事故的处置技术和方法,并结合原油的特性、气象水文条件等叙述了如何选择溢油处置方法。