单光子/光电子在线质谱实时分析聚氯乙烯热分解/燃烧产物

实验室研制了低能光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)和单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源,该电离源具有电离化合物范围宽、碎片离子少、质谱图简单等优点,结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)热分解/燃烧产物的在线分析.针对不同的目标化合物,MEPEI/SPI复合电离源通过调节电离区电场强度,可以快速在SPI和SPI-MEPEI之间切换.PVC热分解/燃烧产物中电离能大于光子能量(10.60 eV)的HCl和CO2(12.74 eV、13.77 eV)利用MEPEI模式电离;而烯烃、二氯乙烯、苯系物、氯苯、苯乙烯、茚满及萘系物等可通过SPI-MEPEI复合模式电离.通过实时监测PVC主要燃烧产物的信号强度随温度的变化趋势可推断出,PVC燃烧产物主要是通过两种机制生成:①250～370℃时,PVC发生脱氯及分子内环化反应,产生大量的HCl、苯和萘;②380～510℃时,PVC发生分子间交联反应,生成烷基芳烃,如甲苯和二甲苯/乙苯等.实验结果表明,SPI/SPI-MEPEI复合离子源TOF-MS分析速度快,应用范围广,在在线分析中具有广泛的应用前景.     

组合型生态浮床对上覆水和沉积物之间氮磷的影响

在天鹅湖水体中构建以水生植物和陆生喜水植物为实验植物,浮法控制器、水循环增氧系统和造浪-输送系统为辅助设备的组合型生态浮床.组合型生态浮床运行期间改变了水体的理化环境,影响了上覆水-沉积物中氮磷形态的迁移转化,跟踪监测在组合型生态浮床影响下上覆水和沉积物TN、NH4+-N和TP含量的浓度变化规律,探讨了在组合型生态浮床作用下,DO、Eh、pH对上覆水和沉积物中营养盐的影响,以及上覆水和沉积物中氮磷之间以及和各环境因子之间的相互关系.结果表明,实验期间上覆水中TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别达到61.92%、63.09%和80.0%.沉积物中TN和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到23.79%和37.04%,沉积物中TP含量上升了43.71%.组合型生态浮床对上覆水环境因子如DO、Eh、pH等产生不同程度的影响,处理区上覆水中DO和Eh均高于对照区,DO由原来的8.7～8.9 mg·L-1上升到9.3～10.4 mg·L-1,Eh由原来的163～178 mV上升到191～198 mV,通过提高上覆水中DO和Eh有效抑制沉积物磷的释放并促进沉积物对上覆水中磷的吸附.pH的波动性较小,维持在7.51～8.32之间,并未促进沉积物磷释放.上覆水中TN、TP和NH4+-N以及与沉积物中的TN、NH4+-N之间呈极显著正相关,与沉积物中的TP极显著负相关;pH与上覆水和沉积物中的TN、TP和NH4+-N都无相关性;上覆水中的DO与Eh显著正相关,与沉积物中的TP显著负相关.     

微生物-化学水解联合作用下烟嘧磺隆的降解

从被烟嘧磺隆污染的人工湿地土壤中分离出1株能够在葡萄糖存在下降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物,通过16S rDNA序列同源相似性分析,初步鉴定该微生物为Klebsiella sp..它能够以烟嘧磺隆为唯一氮源生长,其最适生长条件为:温度35℃,初始pH为中性偏酸.水解试验表明,烟嘧磺隆在中性和碱性条件下比较稳定,在酸性条件下水解较快.生物降解试验发现,当培养液中葡萄糖浓度为5 g.L-1时,在温度35℃、初始pH为7的条件下培养10 d后烟嘧磺隆有99.4%得到降解,同时溶液的pH从7.0降低至4.0;而降低葡萄糖浓度分别为500 mg.L-1和100 mg.L-1时,培养10 d后烟嘧磺隆的降解率仅为11.7%和6.6%,溶液的pH始终在7左右.进一步研究表明烟嘧磺隆的降解是由于微生物代谢葡萄糖产生了酸性环境,pH降低引起了烟嘧磺隆水解,菌种对烟嘧磺隆降解的实质是微生物-化学水解联合作用.     

UV和H2 O2联合消毒灭活饮用水中大肠杆菌研究

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,对单独紫外线(UV)、H2O2及两者不同组合方式的灭活效果进行了分析.结果表明,单独H2O2对大肠杆菌基本无灭活效果,加入浓度为20 mg·L-1的H2O2接触时间为30 min时,灭活率仅为0.02个对数级;单独UV工艺可在一定程度上灭活大肠杆菌,紫外线剂量为10 mJ·cm-2时,灭活率可达到4.51个对数级.紫外线和H2O2联合消毒在一定程度上提高了消毒效果,且不同的组合方式对灭活效果有很大的影响.先UV后H2O2消毒效果优于先H2O2后UV,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2分别反应2.5、5、10、20 min后,两者的灭活率分别较单独UV消毒增加0.09、0.35、0.38、0.68和0.01、0.07、0.14、0.53个对数级.而UV与H2O2同时消毒效果优于UV与H2O2顺序消毒,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2反应20 min后,灭活率较UV-H2O2和H2O2-UV工艺分别增加了0.43和0.58个对数级.随着紫外线强度的增加,大肠杆菌的灭活效果不断提高.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

Formation of THMs and HANs during bromination of Microcystis aeruginosa

Bromine-contained disinfectants and biocides are widely used in swimming pools, recreational waters and cooling towers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation of thrihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) and their cytotoxicity in algae solutions during free bromine disinfection. Disinfection by-products formation potential experiments were conducted using model solutions containing 7 mg/L (as total organic carbon) Microcystis aeruginosa cells. Effects of free bromine dosage, pH and ammonia were investigated. The results showed that brominated disinfection by-products were the major products when free bromine was applied. The total THMs formed during bromination was much as that formed during chlorination, whereas HANs were elevated by using bromination instead of chlorination. Dibromoacetonitrice (C2H2NBr2 ) and bromoform (CHBr3 ) were the only detected species during free bromine disinfection. The production of C2H2NBr2 and CHBr 3 increased with disinfectant dosage but decreased with dosing ammonia. CHBr3 increased with the pH changing from 5 to 9. However, C2H2NBr2 achieved the highest production at neutral pH, which was due to a joint effect of variation in hydrolysis rate and free bromine reactivity. The hydrolysis of C2H2NBr2 was base-catalytic and nearly unaffected by disinfectant. Finally, estimation of cytotoxicity of the disinfected algae solutions showed that HANs formation was responsible for the majority of toxicity. Considering its highest toxicity among the measured disinfection by-products, the elevated C2H2NBr2 should be considered when using bromine-related algaecide.     

土壤铜、 铬(Ⅵ)复合污染重金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验和室内化学分析相结合的方法,研究了外源铜、铬（Ⅵ）单一和复合污染中土壤金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,外源铜、铬（Ⅵ）单一污染土壤中,铬主要以残渣态和有机结合态形式存在,而铜则主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形式存在.铜、铬（Ⅵ）复合污染时,低浓度铜（≤400 mg.kg-1）促进铬向交换态转化...     

湖泊沉积物质量基准研究进展

当前湖泊沉积物污染问题日益引起广泛关注,建立切实可行的沉积物环境质量基准,是对受污染沉积物进行科学评价和有效治理的重要前提。本论文介绍了沉积物质量基准的概念和国内外在该领域的最新研究进展,阐述了建立沉积物质量基准的主要方法,并对当前沉积物质量基准存在的关键问题和未来研究前景进行了分析。作者认为,当前亟待开展复合污染条件下的沉积物环境质量基准研究,应注重数值型沉积物质量基准和生物响应型沉积物质量基准的有机结合,加快建立沉积物毒性试验的标准方法体系,加强沉积物污染物的赋存形态与迁移转化规律研究,探索建立符合我国区域特点的沉积物质量基准理论、技术和方法体系,提高沉积物质量基准的准确性、针对性和适用性。     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器低温硝化研究

采用自行设计制作的新型一体化A/O生物膜反应器,研究了温度、进水碱度对反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,当反应器温度控制在20,15和10℃时,硝化率分别为98%,90%和60%.此时进水COD和TN浓度分别为100～150 mg/L和65～78 mg/L.总氮去除率分别为50%,30%和20%.当反应器温度控制在8℃,进水中不加有机碳源,随着进水碱度的增加,硝化率从72%提高到95%,在低温下取得了良好的硝化效果.当进水碱度为280 mg/L时,反应器各区出现亚硝酸盐积累,亚硝化率达到80%.详细分析了形成亚硝酸盐积累的原因.     

超滤处理洗涤污水循环利用的中试研究

采用不同材质国产超滤膜聚丙烯（PP）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚砜（PS）,进行了洗涤污水处理循环利用的现场中试研究.结合超滤工艺出水水质和膜污染分析,3种膜材质中PAN膜较优,有效去除了水中浊度、悬浮物、油脂等污染物,一定程度保留了游离阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）,长期循环洗涤对衣物的白度无不良影响.根据相关性分析,超滤出水较高COD值很大程度上是由水中LAS引起的.超滤膜对细菌、大肠菌群的去除率较低,出水通过紫外消毒,当紫外线密度≥3?750 J/m²时,微生物水平能够达到国家饮用水水质标准.根据不同水力反冲洗条件下膜渗透通量和净产水量比较,PAN膜最佳水力反冲洗条件为0.5 h反冲洗2 min.长期运行时超滤膜化学清洗方法采用碱洗法方便有效.