萝北县矿山企业的环境问题与整治对策

萝北县矿产资源丰富,矿山开采遍布北部山区,对环境造成一定的破坏.本文分析了环境破坏的原因,提出了整治对策.     

土地荒漠化的成因、危害及防治对策

土地荒漠化是指在干旱、半干旱和某些半湿润、湿润地区,由于气候变化和人类活动等各种因素所造成的土地退化,它使土地生物和经济生产潜力减少,甚至基本丧失.我国是全球荒漠化面积较大、分布较广、危害较严重的国家之一.近年来由于采取了一系列有效的治理措施,荒漠化和沙化整体扩展的趋势已得到初步遏制,但形势依然严峻.     

碳酸盐岩地表岩溶与红粘土

从红粘土的分布特征、土体构造特征及土性特征入手,系统研究红粘土的成因,包括研究碳酸盐岩地表岩溶与红粘土的相互作用、红粘土的物质来源、土中矿物的种类和形成条件;着重分析碳酸盐岩地表岩溶的作用、特点对红粘土形成的重要影响;认为碳酸盐岩地表岩溶作用和红土化作用是红粘土特殊成因中的两种最重要的地质作用,而前者不仅是控制红粘土性质的主要因素,还影响成土后期的土质演化过程。红粘土特殊性的本质源于特殊的成因。     

Past and future sustainability of water policies in Europe

The article contributes to a discussion on two global issues on water: water resources management, and water supply and sanitation. Focusing on Europe, it traces the legal roots of current systems in history: as a resource, water is considered as a common property, rather than a market good; while as a public service it is usually a commodity. Public water supply and sanitation technologies and engineering have developed under three main paradigms: quantitative and civil engineering; qualitative and chemical/sanitary engineering (both on the supply side); and the most recent one, environmental engineering and integrated management (on the demand side). The cost of public drinking water is due to rise sharply in view of the two‐fold financial challenge of replacing an ageing infrastructure and keeping up with ever‐rising environmental and sanitary quality standards. Who will pay? Government subsidies, or water users? The author suggests that apparent successes with privatisation may have relied heavily on hidden government subsidies and/or the healthy state of previously installed water infrastructure: past government subsidies are still felt for as long as the lifetime of the infrastructure. The article stresses the importance of public participation and decentralized local management of water and sanitation services. Informing and involving users in water management decisions is seen as an integral part of the ‘ethics’ side of the crucial three E's (economics, environment, ethics). The article strongly argues for municipal provision of water services, and hopes that lessons learnt and solutions found in the European experience may serve water services management efforts in other regions of the world.     

锅壳锅炉后管板孔桥裂纹事故的分析及处理

分析了锅壳锅炉后管板裂纹产生的原因，阐述了事故发生的机理和处理方法。     

巷道及边坡工程中的膨胀岩灾害与防治

分析了膨胀岩的胀缩机理及影响因素,总结了近几年的理论研究成果。着重论述了巷道和边坡工程中的膨胀 岩所造成的灾害形式,通过分析诱发灾害的机理,有针对性地提出了一些防治措施。     

影响稻飞虱迁飞规律的气象环境成因

稻飞虱的迁飞与气象环境因素的关系十分密切。对与稻飞虱的迁飞规律相关的国内外研究成果进行了归纳总结，综合评述了气候条件对中国稻飞虱迁飞规律的影响。稻飞虱绝大部分集中在黄昏时分起飞，90．5％的稻飞虱集中在黄昏日落前20分钟内起飞，地面温度达25℃时起飞频繁。温度的空间分布决定了稻飞虱可以迁飞的空问区域，迁飞的上限高度为15℃等温线，稻飞虱空中群集的最适宜温度为17℃左右，且在最大风速层中迁飞，高湿度有利于其迁飞。迁入时期的强下沉气流及降雨可迫使稻飞虱大量降落。空中的风速是稻飞虱迁飞的动力速度。在我国，西南风和东北风对稻飞虱的南北迁飞起运载作用，副热带高压在我国境内的北进南退，是稻飞虱完成一次往返迁飞的动力。我国稻飞虱发生较重的年份大多出现在3—5月副高较强的年份。气候变暖、海温异常等大尺度气象因子主要通过影响大范围的气候环境来间接影响稻飞虱的发生与消长。     

The community vs. the market and the state: Forest use inUttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas

Most writers on resource management presume that local populations, if they act in their self-interest, seldom conserve or protect natural resources without external intervention or privatization. Using the example of forest management by villagers in the Indian Himalayas, this paper argues that rural populations can often use resources sustainably and successfully, even under assumptions of self-interested rationality. Under a set of specified social and environmental conditions, conditions that prevail in large areas of the Himalayas and may also exist in other mountain regions, community institutions are more efficient in managing resources than either private individuals or the central government. In advancing this argument, the paper undermines the often dogmatic belief in the universal superiority of private forms of ownership and management.     

峨眉山5·2崩塌灾害及防治措施

2005年5月2日峨眉山风景名胜区内通往主景点的公路边坡暴发了一次崩塌灾害,崩塌土方量约4 000m3,灾害导致大量旅客滞留,对旅游业造成了一定的损失。5.2公路边坡崩塌灾害不是偶然形成的,而是地质因素、地貌因素、气象因素和人类活动影响因素综合作用的结果;是激发因素——暴雨、开采石灰石挖空山体的不合理经济活动、有利的地质条件——两地层交接部位和地形条件——山高坡陡等综合作用的结果。针对本区的社会条件和自然条件,提出了防灾、减灾对策,具体分为应急处理和远期治理。     

有限空间作业中毒窒息事故的预防

中毒窒息事故是有限空间危险作业的常发事故之一,多发生在封闭或半封闭设备,地上有限空间和地下有限空间,施害物主要为硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氨和甲烷(沼气)等。在我国,随着经济的迅猛发展,一大批农民转变成产业工人,由于新工人群体的总体文化素质低,自身的安全意识、安全知识和安全技能的缺乏,一些管理者对中毒窒息危险危害认识始终存在盲区,导致同类职业中毒事故悲剧不断重演,使农民工、临时工或新工人成为中毒窒息事故的主要受害对象。为有效防止类似事故再次发生,笔者结合几起中毒窒息典型案例,阐述发生中毒窒息的5点原因以及从中汲取的2个教训,即必须按照规章作业和施救必须以自身安全为前提,总结中毒窒息场所安全作业要求,提出了一系列的防范措施。