动车组关键板卡失效分析与预防措施

目的 对动车组关键板卡进行失效分析,并提出预防改进措施.方法 通过对动车组运用过程中的环境分析,确定影响板卡性能的主要因素为温度与湿度应力.为缩短试验周期,设计恒温恒湿加速应力试验,快速暴露板卡及其元器件的薄弱环节.试验中受应力影响,板卡与元器件发生了不同程度的失效.通过对失效部件的物理化学性能进行分析,对板卡的使用环境与分析方法提出建议.结果 动车组板卡在高温高湿环境下的失效模式为电性能故障,由于密封不良,电感表面有纤毛和白色附着物,工作时温度过热导致漆包膜破损,从而使电感失效,焊点、PCB基材与三防漆未检测到失效老化.结论 电感、MOS管、电解电容等元器件受温湿度应力影响较大,且板卡的密封与使用环境也影响着板卡的使用寿命,日常使用应注重散热与密封.通过该项目研究为板卡失效预防提供了可行方法.     

黄河下游断流研究进展

介绍了黄河下游断流的发生特点、断流成因及断流对三角洲人民生产生活及对生态环境的影响三个方面的研究成果和进展。这些研究表明:黄河下游断流是自然与人为因素叠加所致,但主要影响因素为人类活动,而气候变化、源区生态环境恶化也是导致黄河径流减少的重要因子,但由气候变化引起的黄河径流量改变的百分比还未确定;黄河下游断流对河口海域生态系统、三角洲演变、工农业生产及城乡人民生活等方面都会产生影响,严重断流时会导致三角洲土地利用格局发生变化,并产生一系列生态问题。今后一段时间,要研究保障区域生态安全的生态用水量,合理利用黄河水量的丰枯周期,从根本上解决黄河下游的断流问题。     

南京市四种下垫面气温日变化规律及城市热岛效应

为了监测城市热岛特征、热场空间分布及综合评价城市环境质量,探讨消减城市热岛效应对策,2005年7—9月期间,通过对南京市的中心城区夫子庙、城市湖泊玄武湖、城市森林紫金山、城市郊区浦口四个观测点选取水泥地、草地、林地和水体四种下垫面进行温度、湿度、风速等气象因子的24 h同步观测,结果表明,(1)四个观测点的四种下垫面白天气温呈林地<水体<草地<水泥地的变化趋势,夜晚则是相反,但草地的温度最低;与水泥地比较,其他3种下垫面白昼期有明显的降温效应,均幅度为0.2~2.9℃,而夜晚林地与水体有轻微的保暖效应,晴好无风天气时这种效应更明显。(2)南京市的热岛强度平均为0.5~3.5℃,凌晨3:00左右热岛强度较大且平稳,当日出后热岛强度减小,但在中午12:00左右有一个明显回升,然后下降,至傍晚18:00~21:00,热岛强度有个强烈提升的高峰。(3)利用各观测点温度的时间标准差、空间标准差及时空数据正规化的标准差定量与定性的揭示了城市景观与城市下垫面对城市热岛效应变化的影响机理。(4)不同观测点舒适度指数表明观测期间人们对温度、湿度和风速日变化的综合生理感觉是暑热到较舒适间的变化过程,紫金山和浦口有时给人舒适的感觉。基于实验观测数据,对南京市不同下垫面的温度日变化规律、热岛强度特征、舒适度指数以及相关成因机理进行了全面分析与探讨,为城市生态建设、城市规则、城市环境治理及城市绿化建设提供重要的理论参考。     

佛山市区大气降水pH值的时空分布及酸雨成因

根据大气降水监测资料，分析了佛山市区大气降水pH值的时间变化规律和空间分布特征，探讨了佛山市区酸雨的主要形成原因和影响因素，在此基础之上，提出了防治酸雨污染的对策。     

Socioeconomic Thresholds That Affect Use of Customary Fisheries Management Tools

Abstract:  Customary forms of resource management, such as taboos, have received considerable attention as a potential basis for conservation initiatives in the Indo-Pacific. Yet little is known about how socioeconomic factors influence the ability of communities to use customary management practices and whether socioeconomic transformations within communities will weaken conservation initiatives with a customary foundation. We used a comparative approach to examine how socioeconomic factors may influence whether communities use customary fisheries management in Papua New Guinea. We examined levels of material wealth (modernization), dependence on marine resources, population, and distance to market in 15 coastal communities. We compared these socioeconomic conditions in 5 communities that used a customary method of closing their fishing ground with 10 communities that did not use this type of management. There were apparent threshold levels of dependence on marine resources, modernization, distance to markets (<16.5 km), and population (>600 people) beyond which communities did not use customary fisheries closures. Nevertheless, economic inequality, rather than mean modernization levels seemed to influence the use of closures. Our results suggest that customary management institutions are not resilient to factors such as population growth and economic modernization. If customary management is to be used as a basis for modern conservation initiatives, cross-scale institutional arrangements such as networks and bridging organizations may be required to help filter the impacts of socioeconomic transformations.     

基于可靠度约束的高层建筑结构优化设计

本文以文献中提出的结构体系可靠度分析的最弱失效模式法为基础,充分考虑结构体系的造价和结构的损失期望与结构体系可靠度的关系,以及结构构件的可靠度约束,提出了结构体系目标可靠度的优化决策方法;基于优化决策的结果,提出了结构体系的最优设计准则;最后,依所提出的最优设计准则,实现了高层建筑基于构件和结构可靠度约束的结构优化设计。     

乌鲁木齐市室内环境空气污染成因及防治对策

为进一步掌握室内环境空气污染状况，对乌鲁木齐市毛坯房、公共场所和居民住宅的室内环境空气质量现状进行了监测统计，并调查了居民的健康状况，分析了室内空气污染的原因。监测结果表明，乌鲁木齐市新装修房屋室内环境污染较严重。对此提出了不同污染状况的防治对策。     

MANAGING POLLUTION FROM SSI<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">s</Emphasis> – DESIGNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE INSTITUTION

The common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) are being propagated as the policy response to circumvent the pollution problem from the small-scale industries (SSIs), which abound in developing countries. The formation of the CETPs has been hailed as a collective action or co-operative solution to a common problem involving all the agents responsible for pollution. This paper investigated the desired criteria for designing an institution aimed at solving a common resource problem and factors ensuring the smooth functioning or sustainability of the institution. The design criteria and factors are then tested on a CETP set up in the Indian state of Haryana. The CETP, which was commissioned in 1997 had to be converted to a sewage treatment plant (STP) as the collective arrangement collapsed. The criteria used in the present analysis are that of Ostrom’s [Governing the Commons. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1990] design principles, whereas the factors considered for sustainability are the one suggested by Rawls [A Theory of Justice. USA, Harvard University Press, 1971]. The analysis indicates that the Kundli CETP failed in both counts as neither all the design principles were met nor did the institution fulfil different sustainability criteria. The paper concludes with the lessons that can be learnt from Kundli’s failure. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

浅谈农村环境问题及对策

通过对农村环境问题的应运而生,并分析其成因,提出解决问题的方法与对策建议。