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11.
Zachary A. Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(5):873-877
ABSTRACT: Federal-state relations over the management and regulation of ground water resources have undergone a number of changes in recent years. There are a variety of reasons that the role of the federal government in ground water management may increase in the future. One important reason federal policymakers may become involved concerns the extent of competition for ground water resources that cross state and national borders. This article summarizes reasons that interstate and international competition for ground water resources may provide the impetus for federal intervention in ground water management and presents the results of a survey conducted to determine the extent of that competition. 相似文献
12.
Robert B. McKusick J. Herbert Snyder 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(3):431-445
ABSTRACT. Water and related land resource planning has generally been characterized by project evaluation in isolation. Feasible alternatives have been ignored because the economic analysis did not include the interdependence of such subregional and regional variables as factor and product prices and production possibilities. This paper presents an economic framework, consistent with a regional development objective and an efficiency criterion, for proposing and evaluating resource projects. Subregional and regional derived demand curves for water are developed under alternative assumptions of subregional competition, regional market restraints, and yield and price uncertainty. The derivation of water demand curves using the proposed regional framework as compared to sub regional isolation has the desirable properties of (1) a marginal analysis that is more flexible over time is substituted for a static average analysis; (2) range estimates incorporating probabilities are substituted for point estimates; (3) approximations to functional demand curves are substituted for “needs”; and (4) fewer resources are required to meet a regional market restraint. 相似文献
13.
Costs and benefits associated with matings and the effects of mating frequency on fitness commonly differ between the sexes. As a result, outcrossing simultaneous hermaphrodites may prefer to copulate in the more rewarding sex role, generating conflicts over sperm donation and sperm receipt between mates. Because recent sex role preference models remain controversial, we contrast here some of their assumptions and predictions in the sea slug Chelidonura sandrana. For this hermaphrodite with sperm storage and internal fertilisation, risk-averse models assume that fitness pay-offs are constantly higher in the female than in the male function in any single mating. Moreover, excluding mutual partner assessment, these models predict male mating behaviour to be independent of receiver traits. The competing gender ratio hypothesis assumes that relative fitness pay-offs, and thus the preferred mating roles, vary and may reverse between matings and predicts that ejaculation strategies co-vary with receiver quality. We found that field mating rates of C. sandrana substantially exceeded what is required to maintain female fertility and fecundity, indicating large variation in direct female benefits between matings. We further demonstrate that male copulation duration adaptively increased with partner body size (i.e. fecundity) but decreased with recent partner promiscuity. These findings are compatible with the gender ratio hypothesis but contradict risk-averse models. 相似文献
14.
15.
Testes mass in megachiropteran bats varies in accordance with sperm competition theory 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
D. J. Hosken 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(3):169-177
Sperm competition is a widespread phenomenon influencing a range of characters, including investment in gonadal tissue. Conspecific
proximity is one factor which can influence the risk of sperm competition and hence testicular investment, and decreased confidence
of paternity may be one cost of group living. Aspects of female biology may also influence spermatogenic investment and sperm
morphology. This study examines the associations between relative testes mass and roost-group size across 17 species of Megachiroptera.
Associations between breeding season duration and investment in spermatogenesis are also examined, as are associations between
female reproductive tract dimensions and testes mass and dimensions of spermatozoa across all bats. Relative testes mass was
significantly positively associated with roost-group size at a species level and after appropriate phylogenetic control (pairwise
comparisons and comparison of independent contrasts). There were no significant relationships between breeding season duration
and relative testes mass. Across all bats, neither testes mass nor sperm length were significantly related to dimensions of
the female tract. The results are discussed in the context of sperm competition.
Received: 7 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 8 August 1998 相似文献
16.
薛亮 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2014,(1):11-14
特许经营作为城市水务业市场化改革的重要实现形式,经历了一个“由盛转衰”的历程。总结其中缘由,现有立法在政府管制体制、政府管制内容、招投标制度和竞争机制的构建方面存在诸多问题。完善城市水务业特许经营法律制度应“双管齐下”,着重从市场准入管制、价格管制和质量管制三方面完善相关制度设计。 相似文献
17.
There is evidence of a looming groundwater crisis in India. Unlike in the case of surface water, competition around groundwater generally does not result in open conflicts. Measurability and visibility of surface water accord a clearer public perception of water quantities, which leads to conflicts. Groundwater in an aquifer is sourced in a dispersed manner, and boundaries, quantities and interdependencies are less visible or measurable. Hence, groundwater resources go through intense and intricate competition between users and uses before open conflicts begin. Competition occurs with reference to sources rather than around the resource. The interdependency of sources is a function of changing patterns of usage as intricacies of aquifer characteristics come into play. Governance institutions and regulatory frameworks of groundwater need to be sensitive to the various forms in which groundwater competition manifests in different hydrogeological settings, and the consequences of this in terms of access and rights, in relation to issues of equity and justice. 相似文献
18.
Abstract: It is widely agreed that in many parts of the world some bumblebee ( Bombus ) species have declined, and that this has often been driven by land-use changes that cause reductions in the abundance of food plants. There is much less agreement about how changes in food plants affect some bumblebee species more than others. We sought to identify which species' characteristics are generally associated with the relative winners and losers by comparing the 3 independent bumblebee faunas from parts of Britain, Canada, and China. Using available survey data, we assessed species characteristics, including competition with congeners, climatic specialization, proximity to climatic range edge, food specialization, phenology, body size, and range size. Results of our meta-analysis of correlations showed support for the hypotheses that decline susceptibility is generally greater for species that have greater climatic specialization, for species in areas where they occur closest to the edges of their climatic ranges, and for species that have queens that become active later in the year. The latter characteristic may render a species at a particular disadvantage when they have long colony cycles if there are losses of food plants in mid to late colony development. 相似文献
19.
不同光照条件下浒苔与三种赤潮微藻的竞争 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对苏北浅滩水体浊度高、营养盐含量大、且被大多数学者认为是南黄海绿潮起源的实际情况,本文通过室内培养实验,研究了不同光照条件(0~4500lx)下浒苔与中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻和新月菱形藻对营养盐的竞争作用;并与苏北浅滩实际水体光照相结合,评估了浒苔与3种微藻在不同深度下的生理状态.浒苔与微藻的竞争,是决定暴发何种藻华的关键因素之一.结果表明,与3种微藻相比,浒苔对光照的适应性更强,最大日均相对增长率为11.91%/d.微藻与浒苔共培养时,生长情况明显劣于单独培养,中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制率分别为30%~46%,3%~44%,25%~41%,并且不同微藻对竞争作用的响应不同.营养盐监测数据表明,对有限营养盐的争夺是浒苔和微藻竞争作用的主要机制,研究结果为苏北浅滩浒苔绿潮的暴发机制提供了依据. 相似文献
20.
Sven Steiner Johannes L.M. Steidle Joachim Ruther 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(2):111-120
Sexual selection by competition for mates is a formidable force that has led to extraordinary adaptations in males. Here we present results suggesting a novel case of pheromone mimicry in males of Lariophagus distinguendus, a parasitic wasp of beetle larvae that develop in stored grain. Females of L. distinguendus produce a pheromone even before they emerge from a grain. Males are attracted to the parasitised grain and wait for females to emerge. Males emerging later than others are under enormous selection pressure since females mate only once. We show evidence that developing males fool their earlier emerging competitors by mimicking the female pheromone. Males exposed to pupae of either sex exhibit typical courtship behaviour. Searching males are not only arrested by grains containing developing females but spend as much time on grains containing developing males. Hence, by distracting their competitors away from receptive females late males may increase their own chance to mate with these females. After emergence, males decompose the active compounds within 32 h probably to decrease molestation during their own search for mates. Chemical analyses of active pheromone extracts and bioassays using fractions demonstrate that the active compounds are among the cuticular hydrocarbons. 相似文献