磷肥和稻草对土壤重金属形态、微生物活性和植物有效性的影响

采用原位化学固定法,通过向土壤中添加修复剂磷肥和稻草,研究其对土壤中重金属形态、植物有效性和土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明:添加磷肥和稻草可改变土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的形态分布,使土壤中重金属高植物有效性的酸提取态比例降低;其中以磷肥+稻草组下降最多,酸提取态Cu比例从对照的50.4%降至8.7%,酸提取态Cd从56.2%降至29.5%,酸提取态Zn从32.9%降至25.1%,酸提取态Pb从21.1%降至检测限以下.磷肥、稻草及磷肥+稻草修复土壤后,4种重金属在油菜(Brassica napus L.)中的含量显著降低,且油菜干生物量由对照的0.46 g分别增至0.97、1.53和2.28 g.同时土壤中微生物活力得到提高,土壤微生物生物量碳由对照的19.16 mg/kg最高增至966.71 mg/kg,而代谢呼吸率由对照的21.95 mg/(kg.h)最大升至158.63 mg/(kg.h).证明磷肥和稻草可降低重金属对油菜和土壤微生物的毒性胁迫,改善污染土壤质量,促进植物和土壤微生物的生长.      

Sulphamethazine in poultry manure changes carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in soils

Antibiotics are newly emerging organic pollutants in manure, soil, vegetables and water. Animal manure application might be leading to the accumulation of antibiotics in the farmland. However, the effect of sulphamethazine (SMZ) on the soil microbial community was scarcely investigated. This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of SMZ on poultry manure, on the structure and function of microbial community, carbon mineralisation, and changes in nitrogen forms in soil via an incubation experiment lasting 56?d. The treatments consisted of poultry manure at 1% wt (PM), PM containing 20?mg?kg^?1 SMZ (PM?+?20SMZ) and PM containing 100?mg?kg^?1 SMZ (PM?+?100SMZ), along with the untreated soil (control). Solid phase extraction was performed to measure the SMZ concentration in soils using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The cumulative CO₂-C was increased in all treated soils over the incubation period compared to the control. The PM?+?100SMZ had the highest increase in cumulative CO₂-C from the soil at 56?d of incubation. The treatment of PM?+?20SMZ showed a short-term decrease in nitrification rate in the soils at 1?d by altering the microbial community composition with 17% dissimilarity and decreasing the abundance of bacteria compared to PM-treated soil. The PM?+?100SMZ increased C mineralisation in the soil.     

改良剂对土壤铜镉有效性和微生物群落结构的影响

以一次性添加木炭、石灰和磷灰石稳定化修复4年后的土壤为研究对象,探讨了土壤中铜镉有效性和土壤微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,3种改良剂的添加提高了土壤pH值,降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝的含量,使铜镉由活性态向非活性态和潜在活性态转化,其中磷灰石和石灰的处理效果优于木炭处理; Biolog测试发现,培养192h,木炭、石灰和磷灰石处理土壤AWCD值(0.61、0.76和0.70)分别是对照的1.33、1.65和1.52倍;且Shannon和McIntosh指数均较对照有所提高,表现为:石灰 > 磷灰石 > 木炭,表明改良剂处理后增加了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提高了其功能多样性.PCR-DGGE分析结果显示,改良剂处理后土壤细菌优势群的数量显著增加,木炭、石灰和磷灰石处理Shannon指数分别比对照提高了0.22、0.39和0.24.相关性分析表明,土壤酸度和重金属有效性是影响稳定化修复重金属污染土壤细菌结构多样性差异的主要因素.     

Microbial community structure and dynamics of starch-fed and glucose-fed chemostats during two years of continuous operation

The microbial community structures of two mesophilic anaerobic chemostats, one fed with glucose, the other with starch as sole carbon sources, were studied at various dilution rates (0.05–0.25 d^–1 for glucose and 0.025–0.1 d^–1 for starch) during two years continuous operation. In the glucose-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta spp. and hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoculleus spp. predominated at low dilution rates, whereas Methanosaeta spp. and the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium spp. predominated together when dilution rates were greater than 0.1 d^–1. Bacteria affiliated with the phyla Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria predominated at dilution rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 d^–1, respectively, while Firmicutes predominated at higher dilution rates (0.2 and 0.25 d^–1). In the starch-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted at all dilution rates. Although bacteria belonging to only two phyla were mainly responsible for starch degradation (Spirochaetes at the dilution rate of 0.08 d^–1 and Firmicutes at other dilution rates), different bacterial genera were identified at different dilution rates. With the exception of Archaea in the glucose-fed chemostat, the band patterns revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the microbial communities in the two chemostats displayed marked changes during long-term operation at a constant dilution rate. The bacterial community changed with changes in the dilution rate, and was erratic during longterm operation in both glucose-fed and starch-fed chemostats.     

Nitrogen recovery from wastewater using microbial fuel cells

Nitrogen is one of major contaminants in wastewater; however, nitrogen, as bio-elements for crop growth, is the indispensable fertilizer in agriculture. In this study, two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were first operated with microorganisms in anode chamber and potassium ferricyanide as catholyte. After being successfully startup, the two-chamber MFCs were re-constructed to three-chamber MFCs which were used to recover the NO3−−N and NH4+−N of synthetic wastewater into value-added nitrogenous fertilizer from cathode chamber and anode chamber, respectively. Ferric nitrate was used as the sole electron acceptor in cathode, which also was used to evaluate the NO3−−N recover efficiency in the case major anion of NO3− in cathode. The output voltage of these MFCs was about 600–700 mV at an external load of 500 Ω. About 47% NH4+−N in anode chamber and 83% NO3−−N in cathode chamber could be recovered. Higher current density can selectively improve the recovery efficiency of both NH4+−N and NO3−−N. The study demonstrated a nitrogen recovery process from synthetic wastewater using three-chamber MFCs.     

Effects of bicarbonate and cathode potential on hydrogen production in a biocathode electrolysis cell

A biocathode with microbial catalyst in place of a noble metal was successfully developed for hydrogen evolution in a microbial electrolysis cell （MEC）. The strategy for fast biocathode cultivation was demonstrated. An exoelectrogenic reaction was initially extended with an H2-full atmosphere to enrich Ha-utilizing bacteria in a MEC bioanode. This bioanode was then inversely polarized with an applied voltage in a half-cell to enrich the hydrogen-evolving biocathode. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） kinetics of the biocathode MEC could be enhanced by increasing the bicarbonate buffer concentration from 0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.5 mol· L-1 and/or by decreasing the cathode potential from -0.9 V to - 1.3 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode （SCE）. Within the tested potential region in this study, the HER rate of the biocathode MEC was primarily influenced by the microbial catalytic capability. In addition, increasing bicarbonate concentration enhances the electric migration rate of proton carriers. As a consequence, more mass H＋ can be released to accelerate the biocathode-catalyzed HER rate. A hydrogen production rate of 8.44 m3. m 3. d1 with a current density of 951.6 A. m-3 was obtained using the biocathode MEC under a cathode potential of - 1.3 V vs. SCE and 0.4 mol· L-1 bicarbonate. This study provided information on the optimization of hydrogen production in biocathode MEC and expanded the practical applications thereof.     

Using crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane as a separator in the microbial fuel cell

Separator between anode and cathode is an essential part of the microbial fuel cell （MFC） and its property could significantly influence the system perfor- mance. In this study we used polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） polymer membrane crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid （SSA） as a new separator for the MFC. The highest power density of 7594-4 mW-m-2 was obtained when MFC using the PVA membrane crosslinked with 15% of SSA due to its desirable proton conductivity （5.16 x 10-2 S.cml）. The power density significantly increased to 11064- 30 mW.m-2 with a separator-electrode-assembly config- uration, which was comparable with glass fiber （11704- 46 mW.m-2）. The coulombic efficiencies of the MFCs with crosslinked PVA membranes ranged from 36.3% to 45.7% at a fix external resistance of lO00f2. The crosslinked PVA membrane could be a promising alter- native to separator materials for constructing practical MFC system.     

铁矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落变化的影响

以密云水库上游某铁矿区为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR研究了矿区内不同采样点土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌基因数量的变化,并结合土壤的理化性质与重金属污染情况进行了相关分析. 结果表明,研究区微生物的基因数量与该地区的w(AP)(AP为有效磷)均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);细菌、放线菌的基因数量与该地区的内梅罗污染指数呈显著负相关〔二者R分别为-0.756(P<0.01)和-0.614(P<0.05)〕,而真菌的基因数量与内梅罗污染指数无显著相关性. 采用PCR-DGGE研究了细菌、真菌、放线菌的群落结构变化,冗余度分析结果表明,内梅罗污染指数对细菌、放线菌的种群分布影响较大(P<0.05),对真菌的影响则较小. 细菌、放线菌的种群多样性水平随着污染程度升高呈先升后降的趋势. 微生物数量和结构的变化都表明,不同类群的微生物对重金属敏感程度为真菌抗性最强,放线菌和细菌次之. Cd和Cu污染抑制了土壤中微生物的数量和群落多样性,而轻度Cr、Pb和Zn污染则促进了群落数量的增加和群落结构多样性的丰富.      

PCR-DGGE研究沸石植生混凝土微生物群落结构

采用PCR-DGGE技术研究了滨水区和非滨水区沸石植生混凝土内部微生物群落结构,结果表明:沸石植生混凝土内部微生物多样性指数和物种丰度值均很高,滨水区和非滨水区植生混凝土内部微生物多样性指数与物种丰度总体持平,但是各部分微生物丰度差异明显.滨水区微生物丰度值根部5~10cm>根部10~15cm>沸石表面生物膜.非滨水区微生物丰度沸石表面生物膜>根部5~10cm>根部10~15cm.基因测序结果和系统发育树分析可知.滨水区和非滨水区以及沸石混凝土内各部分之间优势菌种各不相同,在滨水区,沸石表面微生物膜中优势菌种为丙酸杆菌、都柏林克罗诺杆菌和葡萄球菌属,根部5~10cm中优势菌种为黄杆菌和沙门氏菌属,根部10~15cm中优势菌种为慢生根瘤菌属;非滨水区,沸石表面微生物膜中优势菌种为芽孢杆菌和红假单胞菌属,根部5~10cm中优势菌种为沙门氏菌、微球菌亚目的Agromyces和酸杆菌属,根部10~15cm中优势菌种为沙门氏菌属.     

Radioactive Isotopes of Strontium,Caesium and Plutonium in Sediments of the Northern Adriatic Sea

Changes in nitrification rates of an acid grassland soil with and without air drying have been monitored over 9 days, after first flushing native nitrate from the soils with deionised water. The results confirmed that full re-establishment of nitrification after air drying takes several days, supporting the hypothesis that any immediate first flush of nitrate from air-dried soils originates from cell lysis or flushing of ‘stored’ nitrate. Ammonium spiking confirmed that nitrification was not ammonium substrate limited. It was also found that ammonium accumulates in the soil during the drying process, providing a substrate pool once the population of nitrifiers has re-established. Over the first week of incubation, nitrate immobilisation was less conspicuous in the soil that had been rewetted after air drying compared with the incubated field moist soil.