电镀集控区建设项目对海洋环境影响的评价 --以福建晋江西滨电镀集控区建设项目为例

以福建晋江西滨电镀集控区建设项目为例 ,分析了该建设项目对海洋环境影响的主要因子 ,并对建设项目对海洋水环境和底质环境的影响进行了预测与评价 ,提出了控制总量和防治措施。     

Cr元素对铁合金抗热强碱磨损腐蚀性能的影响

测定了10钢、20Cr5、20Cr11含铬铸钢和185Cr13、295Cr26高铬铸铁在85℃的质量浓度为303g蛐L的NaOH溶液中的腐蚀速率、电位鄄时间曲线、静态及冲刷条件下的电化学曲线。实验结果显示,铬钢和铬铸铁在静态浸泡中,电位都经历过高—低—高的变化,表明其腐蚀历程相似。在静态条件下,含铬量高的铬钢和铸铁腐蚀失重大于含铬量低的材料。在冲刷条件下,由失重法获得的总失重和由极化曲线计算得到的腐蚀失重均显示含铬高的铸铁抗磨损腐蚀性能优于含铬量相对低的铸铁。增加铬含量,对合金抗热强碱的纯腐蚀有不利的影响,但却有利于材料抗热强碱介质的磨损腐蚀。     

Responses of Seed‐Dispersing Birds to Amount of Rainforest in the Landscape around Fragments

Habitat loss and fragmentation alter the composition of bird assemblages in rainforest. Because birds are major seed dispersers in rainforests, fragmentation‐induced changes to frugivorous bird assemblages are also likely to alter the ecological processes of seed dispersal and forest regeneration, but the specific nature of these changes is poorly understood. We assessed the influence of fragment size and landscape forest cover on the abundance, species composition, and functional properties of the avian seed disperser community in an extensively cleared, former rainforest landscape of subtropical Australia. Bird surveys of fixed time and area in 25 rainforest fragments (1–139 ha in size across a 1800 km² region) provided bird assemblage data which were coupled with prior knowledge of bird species’ particular roles in seed dispersal to give measurements of seven different attributes of the seed disperser assemblage. We used multimodel regression to assess how patch size and surrounding forest cover (within 200 m, 1000 m, and 5000 m radii) influenced variation in the abundance of individual bird species and of functional groups based on bird species’ responses to fragmentation and their roles in seed dispersal. Surrounding forest cover, specifically rainforest cover, generally had a greater effect on frugivorous bird assemblages than fragment size. Amount of rainforest cover within 200 m of fragments was the main factor positively associated with abundances of frugivorous birds that are both fragmentation sensitive and important seed dispersers. Our results suggest a high proportion of local rainforest cover is required for the persistence of seed‐dispersing birds and the maintenance of seed dispersal processes. Thus, even small rainforest fragments can function as important parts of habitat networks for seed‐dispersing birds, whether or not they are physically connected by vegetation. Respuestas de Aves Dispersoras de Semillas al Incremento de Selvas en el Paisaje Alrededor de Fragmentos     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.     

Effects of ozone fumigation treatment on the removal of residual difenoconazole from strawberries and on their quality

The effect of ozone fumigation on the reduction of difenoconazole residue on strawberries was studied. Strawberries were immersed in 1.0 L of aqueous solution containing 400 μL of the commercial product (250 g L^?1 of difenoconazole) for 1 min. Then, they were dried and exposed to ozone gas (O₃) at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L^?1 for 1 h. The ozone fumigation treatments reduced the difenoconazole residue on strawberries to concentrations below 0.5 mg kg^?1, which corresponds to a 95% reduction. The strawberries treated with ozone and the control group, which was not treated with ozone, were stored at 4°C for 10 days. Some characteristics of the fruit were monitored throughout this period. Among these, pH, weight loss and total color difference did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The fumigation with ozone significantly affected the soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) of the strawberries preventing a sharp reduction of these parameters during storage.     

Application of indoxacarb for managing shoot and fruit borer of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and its decontamination

Indoxacarb was applied at 75 and 150 g a.i. ha^{? 1} for two years to an eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) crop grown in the field plots in order to evaluate its efficacy for management of the lepidopteron pest, shoot and fruit borer. The residues of the insecticide were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean initial deposits of indoxacarb on eggplant fruits were found to be 2.60–2.634 mg kg^{? 1} and 3.64–3.68 mg kg^{? 1} from the two rates of applications, respectively. They declined with time and reached to non-detectable (< 0.02 mg kg^{? 1}) after 15–20 d. Residues dissipated with a half-life of 3.0–3.8 d from both first and second-year application. A 3 d waiting period for harvest of fruits after insecticide application and processing resulted in the residue levels that were below the Codex maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg kg^{? 1} thereby achieving a maximum safety and minimum risk to consumers. The best combination of chemicals for decontamination of indoxacarb was found to be by washing with a mixture of alkali and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) thereby resulting in the removal of 67.5% and 59.2 % residues for 5 and 10 μ g g^{? 1} spiking doses, respectively. Major products formed on reaction of indoxacarb with alkali were identified by electron spray ionization chromatography/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). The per cent reduction on the weight and number basis of treated eggplant plots were compared to those observed in control plots to demonstrate the effectiveness of indoxacarb treatment on shoot and fruit borer population.     

Pesticide residues intake of French adults under increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables – A theoretical study

The increase of fresh vegetable and fruit (FVF) intake could contribute to the prevention of obesity and several major pathologies and thus represents a major public health goal in industrial countries. Nutritional recommendations for increased consumption of FVF could lead to ingestion of unwanted amounts of pesticides. This study was undertaken to evaluate theoretical exposure of French adults to pesticide residues under increasing amounts of FVF intake. Balanced menus with 200 – 400 – 600 – 800 and 1200 g FVF/day were established. Amounts of active substances brought by every FVF vector, at the maximum residue level (MRL) were summed up to determine the intake for each active substance. Values were compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) to point out any potential over exposure. A maximalistic approach was adopted and no reducing factor due to processing was taken into account. It was found that under minimal recommended consumption of fruit and vegetables (400 g/d), no active substance reached the ADI, but 18 vs 144 were over 10% of the ADI. Raising FVF to 600 g/d increased the number of active substances over 10 % of the ADI to 24, but again in no case was the ADI exceeded. Doubling the intake to 800 g/d gives values over the ADI for 2 active substances only (cyhexatin and thirame). It was concluded that the increase in fruit and vegetables up to 800 g per day should not expose adults over the ADIs for a majority of authorized pesticides. In this regard, residues levels of ten active substances in fruit and vegetables should deserve particular attention.     

Simultaneous analysis of thiabendazole,carbendazim and 2-aminobenzimidazole in concentrated fruit juices by liquid chromatography after a single mix-mode solid-phase extraction cleanup

A method using liquid chromatography and a single mix-mode solid-phase extraction cleanup for the simultaneous analysis of thiabendazole [2-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzoimidazole], carbendazim [(methyl N-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-carbamate)] and 2-aminobenzimidazole (1H-benzimidazol-2-amine) in concentrated fruit juices is described. The three fungicides were isolated from the samples and concentrated by solid-phase extraction on Oasis MCX cartridges. The determination was performed by liquid chromatography with a diode array, detecting at 288 nm. In this method, the average recoveries from blank control juice samples spiked in a concentration range of 0.01–0.10 mg/kg were in the range of 81–95%, with relative standard deviations below 8%. Detection limits and limits of quantification were 4 μ g/kg and 10 μ g/kg, respectively, for each fungicide. Real juice samples were analyzed by the proposed method. The results were compared to those from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.     

下游集中补给型泥石流动力学特征与防治对策——以四川省泸定县干沟泥石流为例

干沟泥石流是一条典型的下游集中补给型泥石流沟,其物源的启动、流通与堆积在700 m范围内完成.以2005年干沟泥石流过程为例,应用三种计算公式对该沟泥石流的动力学参数进行了计算.通过计算发现,三种公式计算结果差别不大,并取其平均值作为计算结果.根据干沟泥石流流量计算和形态调查对比分析,认为2005年干沟泥石流的形成过程具有明显的堵溃效应,且前期降雨对泥石流的发生影响较为明显.在对干沟泥石流动力学参数计算、物源补给特征及形成过程分析的基础上,认为干沟在2005年后易形成高频泥石流,对该沟泥石流开展监测预警尤为必要,提出了该沟泥石流监测预警方式并予以实施,可为干沟泥石流的防灾减灾提供科学依据.     

果汁行业水污染防治措施经济技术论证

本文介绍了固液分离中温UASB 混凝气浮 SBR生化处理高浓度果汁废水。运行结果表明:该工艺具有适应性强,运行稳定、有机物去除率高、运行成本低等特点,出水可达到《污水综合排放标准》中一级标准。