染整废水深度处理纳滤工艺膜污染成因分析

为调查棉针织染整废水纳滤脱盐系统膜污染的类型和成因,使用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜-EDX能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热重分析仪、高倍光学显微镜和X射线荧光光谱仪,从膜进水水质、膜过程污染状况和膜清洗效果等三方面进行了联合互补检测和综合分析.结果表明,棉针织染整废水脱盐过程中纳滤膜的污染类型包括无机污染、有机污染和微生物污染;干燥(105℃)的污染物成分组成中结合水所占质量分数约8.2%,有机成分所占质量分数约41.0%,无机成分所占质量分数约50.8%;在无机污染物中铁盐污染较为突出,有机污染物所包含的主要官能团为—OH、—CH和—CC,微生物污染物中包含原生动物和后生动物;短期膜污染和长期膜污染分析结果表明有机污染和微生物污染的形成需要长时间的累积效应;纳滤膜清洗试验结果表明,有机污染和微生物污染是引起膜通量下降的主要原因,两者对膜通量影响的贡献率约53.3%.     

木薯茎秆基质育苗效果研究

以草炭、椰糠为对照,研究腐熟木薯茎秆对番茄、黄瓜、丝瓜、茄子、大吊瓜及西瓜的育苗效果,为木薯茎秆作为育苗基质提供依据。育苗结果表明：（1）原木薯茎秆用于番茄育苗时,其发芽率、株高、茎粗及真叶数与草炭育的番茄效果相当;过2mm筛木薯茎秆对番茄育苗效果不如草炭,但优于椰糠;原木薯茎秆用于黄瓜育苗时,其发芽率、株高、茎粗及真叶数与草炭、椰糠育的黄瓜效果相当;原木薯茎秆对番茄、黄瓜的育苗效果优于过2mm筛木薯茎秆。（2）原木薯茎秆、过2mm筛木薯茎秆对丝瓜、大吊瓜和西瓜的育苗效果不如草炭、椰糠,但对茄子的育苗效果优于椰糠。总的看来,腐熟木薯茎秆可用于番茄、黄瓜、茄子育苗,而不宜单独用于丝瓜、大吊瓜和西瓜育苗。     

Effects of cotton straw amendment on soil fertility and microbial communities

Maintaining soil fertility, while controlling pollution from excessive chemical fertilizer application is important for keeping soil productivity of sustainable agriculture. Variety of straws have been used and proven to be good soil amendments for increasing soil organic matter (OM) and a range of additional soil nutrients. However, little is known about the utilization of cotton straw for soil amendment. To better understand the mechanism behind cotton straw soil amendments, investigations were performed upon cucumber seedlings, where changes to soil nutrients and microbial communities were investigated. The results revealed that the cotton straw application promoted the cucumber seedling growth by significantly increasing the soil OM, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The concentration of cotton straw was positively correlated to both the number of the culturable microorganisms and also the total microbial biomass within soil. Furthermore, assessment of cotton straw application using Biolog metabolic profiling and phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that such application increased the microbial community metabolic activity, and markedly changed the structure of microbial community. 16S rRNA gene clone library construction and phylogenetic analysis of soil bacteria revealed γ- Proteobacteria sequences dominated the cotton straw amendment soil, comprising 27.8% of the total number of analyzed sequences, while they were less represented in control soil (13.4%). On the contrary, the Sphingobacteria (7.8%) and Verrucomicrobia (2.4%) in the cotton straw amendment soil decreased after application when compared to the control soil 15.2% and 15.2%.     

分离趋势产量和气候产量的方法探讨

在长时间序列的作物产量与气候因子关系的统计研究中,一般把作物的产量分解为趋势产量、气候产量和随机误差3部分。趋势产量是反映历史时期生产力发展水平的长周期产量分量,也被称为技术产量,气候产量是受气候要素为主的短周期变化因子(农业气象灾害为主)影响的波动产量分量。因为不同趋势产量模拟方法分离的气候产量的结果可能不同,甚至截然相反,所以分离趋势产量以得到准确的气候产量就显得尤其重要,这关系到影响作物产量的气候因子(主要是农业气象灾害)分析的准确性。试图以气候变化对棉花产量影响为例,说明如何选择合适的趋势产量求算方法,进而分离得到气候产量。提出了方法选择的3个依据条件:趋势产量模拟曲线应该符合社会技术各发展阶段的实际;全国或整个研究区的趋势产量变化特征因子应该基本一致(即社会和技术水平发展过程差异不大),气候条件相似区域其气候产量应该具有很强的相关性;分析得到的影响研究对象(作物)生长的关键气候因子或者农业气象灾害因子,应该符合所研究对象的生育特性及其对气候因子或农业气象灾害因子的响应规律。     

常压制备秸秆活性炭对水溶液中磷元素的吸附

开发了非真空制备秸秆活性炭的新方法,以稻草秸秆为原料,醋酸钙和氯化锌为活化剂,经热处理,一步合成改性秸秆活性炭。XRD图谱显示,产物为碳酸钙改性活性炭;SEM和TEM的表征结果显示,该活性炭具有微米-纳米多维孔结构,碳酸钙颗粒均匀分布在活性炭的表面和基体中;BET比表面积实验测得不同浓度碳酸钙改性活性炭的比表面积在324~846 m2/g之间。含磷水溶液吸附实验表明,当改性活性炭中碳酸钙含量为1.5%时,活性炭具有最大吸附速率1.76 L/mg;碳酸钙含量为2.0%时,活性炭具有最大吸附容量3.21 mg/g。改性活性炭对磷元素的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,说明改性活性炭对磷的吸附为单分子层吸附。     

试论黄淮海地区的自然资源及国家级作物商品基地的建设

根据中国主要农业区——黄淮海地区的自然和社会经济条件,分析了该区小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花等在气候-土壤生态适应性的基础上,采用逐级生产力估算方法,计算出四大作物的商品量,论证了该地区建设为全国性四大作物商品基地的可能性。     

Performances of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera (Hubner) at different temperatures and relative humidities

The cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) is an important insect species at-tacking many crops. Their performances have been examined at temperatures from 15℃ to 35℃ and relative humidities (RH) between 22.5% and 100%, respectively, in order to assess possible effect of climate in future on its occurrence and infestation. Durations of all developmental stages of the insect shortened with increasing temperature. The temperature favoring population growth ranged from 25℃ to 30℃.Larval duration and adult longevity decreased as relative humidity increased, but development of other stages was independent of RH. At RH of over 64%, their survival rate, egg production and oviposition rate varied a little, and all the population parameters of the insect remained at a relative constant level.     

在模拟酸雨胁迫下,棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)子叶圆片叶绿素含量和可见伤害症状应变模型研究

以棉花子叶圆片为材料,研究了酸雨在伤害叶绿素过程中的胁迫强度、胁迫时间(胁程)和胁变量三者相互间的数量关系.结果表明,叶绿素含量下降率和可见伤害指数与酸雨pH值之间具有拟合度很高的Logistic曲线关系;Logistic拟合方程中的拐点处pH值和曲线降低率及A,b等参数均是时间的函数,分别与胁程有一定的相关性;在pH值为2.5酸雨胁迫下,叶绿素含量下降率在24h内、可见伤害指数在4h内与胁程之间具有拟合度很高的直角双曲线关系;根据这些关系建立植物酸雨伤害模型.     

Prenatal assessment of anterior abdominal wall defects and their prognosis

Eighty-eight cases of abdominal wall defect with and without other lesions were ascertained by reviewing all labour room records in the West of Scotland, all surgical admissions to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, and all post mortems at Royal Hospital for Sick Children between 1978 and 1981. The affected cases comprised 39 terminations of pregnancy (17 of anterior abdominal wall defect without neural tube defect). 20 spontaneous stillbirths and 29 livebirths. All 10 cases of body stalk anomaly, 37.5 per cent of 16 gastroschisis cases and 53 per cent of 62 exomphalos cases had additional severe abnormalities. Abnormal karyotypes were present in seven out of 19 exomphalos cases but all karyotypes from 10 gastroschisis and 6 body stalk anomaly cases were normal. No correlation was found between the maternal serum AFP levels, the amniotic AFP levels and acetylcholinesterase results and the size of the lesion. It is proposed that anterior abdominal wall defects detected prenatally should have chromosome analysis and careful ultrasound to exclude associated severe anomalies before coming to a decision about termination. This policy was implemented in six pregnancies complicated by fetal gastroschisis without severe associated anomalies which were identified in the second trimester and continued to term. Immediate surgical repair was achieved in each case, although two of the infants succumbed from later complications of gastroschisis closure and one from respiratory distress syndrome. The remaining three infants made a satisfactory recovery.     

在模拟酸雨胁迫下,棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)子叶圆片叶绿素含量和可见伤害症状应变模型研究

以棉花子叶圆片为材料,研究了酸雨在伤害叶绿素过程中的胁迫强度、胁迫时间(胁程)和胁变量三者相互间的数量关系.结果表明,叶绿素含量下降率和可见伤害指数与酸雨pH值之间具有拟合度很高的Logistic曲线关系;Logistic拟合方程中的拐点处pH值和曲线降低率及A,b等参数均是时间的函数,分别与胁程有一定的相关性;在pH值为2.5酸雨胁迫下,叶绿素含量下降率在24h内、可见伤害指数在4h内与胁程之间具有拟合度很高的直角双曲线关系;根据这些关系建立植物酸雨伤害模型.