规模化养殖的中国荷斯坦奶牛产污系数模型的确定

以近期中国荷斯坦奶牛产污系数试验资料为基础,分析饲料摄入量及成分与排出粪污污染物之间的关系,建立了奶牛产污系数模型并进行了验证.结果表明:育成牛排粪量可用采食量、摄入氮、摄入磷和摄入铜4因子预测,其模型拟合度高于产奶牛;育成牛排氮量可用采食量、摄入氮两因子预测,产奶牛的排氮量可用摄入氮预测;产奶牛和育成牛的排磷量均可用摄入磷预测.该模型由于包括了不同季节、不同样本、不同奶牛养殖场等影响因素,使结果具有广泛的适用性,可用于分析中国荷斯坦奶牛养殖对环境的污染及粪污农田的消纳利用.     

高浓度有机牧场养牛废水处理工程的设计与运行

针对南昌某有机牧场的养牛废水悬浮物、有机物、氨氮浓度高等特点,采用厌氧消化-UASB-SBR组合处理工艺,进水COD为18～20 g/L、NH3-N为410～510 mg/L、SS为4～6 g/L,通过工程调试和运行后,出水COD、NH3-N和SS去除率分别为98.1%、76.1%、97.5%,各指标均达到了《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596—2001)的要求。对南方地区的养殖场废水处理工程具有一定的参考价值。     

牛粪堆肥过程中水溶性有机物演化的光谱学研究

采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、1H-核磁共振(NMR)和同步荧光光谱,研究了牛粪堆肥水溶性有机物(DOM)的结构特征及其演化规律.紫外-可见吸收光谱分析显示,SUVA254由堆肥起始的1.161上升至堆肥结束的2.543;E465/E665在整个堆肥过程中呈现上升趋势,变化范围在2.333~3.500;260~280,460~480,600~700nm范围内的面积积分A1、A2和A3均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,峰值分别出现在26,14, 14d.1H-NMR分析显示,堆肥0d到堆肥41d,0.5~3.1δ面积积分所占比例从43.06%下降至8.63%,3.1~5.5δ从56.07%上升至89.68%,5.5~10δ不足总体的6%且变化趋势不明显.同步荧光光谱结果显示,经过41d 的堆肥,蛋白质类物质区积分面积比例(APLR)由0.331下降到0.252,而富里酸类物质区积分面积比例(AFLR)由0.325增加到0.336,同时胡敏酸类物质区积分面积比例(AHLR)由0.344增加到0.412;AFLR/APLR比与同步荧光光谱3个荧光峰峰高存在显著相关性,AHLR/AFLR与两个荧光峰光强的比值I351/I284和I382/I351存在显著相关性.上述结果表明,随着堆肥进行, DOM中的非腐殖质物质转化为类腐殖质,同时其芳香性结构增多,碳链结构发生氧化反应,分子量从小变大,堆肥腐殖化程度加大,稳定度增加.     

基于定位栏试验的奶牛粪便中雌激素含量特征

为探究奶牛粪便中雌激素含量特征,采用定位栏试验收集奶牛粪便样,采用超高效液相色谱串联(UPLC-MS/MS)法对粪便中4种天然雌激素(雌酮;17α-雌二醇,17β-雌二醇,雌三醇)和2种人工合成雌激素(17a-炔雌醇,己烯雌酚)的含量进行测定,结果表明:6种雌激素的检出率居于8.33％～98.89％之间,4种天然雌激素...     

公厕废水的生物-生态处理工艺中试研究

针对旅游区公厕的水质水量特征,以武汉市动物园公厕化粪池污水为研究对象,设计了以A^2O结合生态湿地的处理工艺,跟踪监测表明．公厕废水经化粪池、缺氧池、厌氧池、曝气池、二沉池、生态湿地等组合方法处理,系统正常运行后出水能达到回用水标准。     

建瓯市规模化奶牛养殖场污染现状及防治对策

论述了建瓯市规模化奶牛场污染现状及治理状况，并对污染防治工作提出了对策和建议。     

添加牛粪对蚯蚓处理污泥的影响

采用4个相同的塑料装置,将等量的污泥、EM菌、蚯蚓及不同量的牛粪装入其中并混匀后,通过60 d的培养实验,借助对污泥含水率、pH、TP、TOC和TN的监测及蚯蚓生存状况的考察,探究添加牛粪对蚯蚓处理污泥的影响。结果表明:添加牛粪可以抑制污泥含水率的增加,但不同牛粪添加量对污泥含水率的影响无一定规律性;与初始TP相比,1#~4#中污泥TP增长率分别为81%、97%、56%和102%,除3#外,污泥TP增幅随牛粪添加量的增加而增大;因生物作用,1#~4#污泥TOC均呈下降趋势,1#~4#中污泥TOC分别下降了13.6%、22.4%、21.7%和16.1%;1#~4#污泥TN变化与牛粪添加量的变化之间无明显规律。污泥中添加牛粪,对蚯蚓健康有益。     

Thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of organic waste in agriculture

Thermal treatment at temperatures between 46.0°C and 55.0°C was evaluated as a method for sanitization of organic waste, a temperature interval less commonly investigated but important in connection with biological treatment processes. Samples of dairy cow feces inoculated with Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophage ?X174, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were thermally treated using block thermostats at set temperatures in order to determine time-temperature regimes to achieve sufficient bacterial and viral reduction, and to model the inactivation rate. Pasteurization at 70°C in saline solution was used as a comparison in terms of bacterial and viral reduction and was proven to be effective in rapidly reducing all organisms with the exception of PPV (decimal reduction time of 1.2 h). The results presented here can be used to construct time-temperature regimes in terms of bacterial inactivation, with D-values ranging from 0.37 h at 55°C to 22.5 h at 46.0°C and 0.45 h at 55.0°C to 14.5 h at 47.5°C for Salmonella Senftenberg W775 and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively and for relevant enteric viruses based on the ?X174 phage with decimal reduction times ranging from 1.5 h at 55°C to 16.5 h at 46°C. Hence, the study implies that considerably lower treatment temperatures than 70°C can be used to reach a sufficient inactivation of bacterial pathogens and potential process indicator organisms such as the ?X174 phage and raises the question whether PPV is a valuable process indicator organism considering its extreme thermotolerance.     

Determination of fumonisins in milk

Abstract

Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) were determined in milk by liquid chromatography (LC) following immunoaffinity column cleanup. Recoveries from milk spiked with 5–50 ng each fumonisin/ml averaged 79–109%. The aminopentol hydrolysis product of FB₁ (AP₁) was determined by LC after cleanup on a C₁₈solid phase phase extraction column; mean recoveries were 69–83% at spiking levels of 50–100 ng AP₁/ml milk. Detection limits were of the order 3–7 ng/ml for FB₁ and FB₂, and 20–25 ng/ml for AP₁. A stability study showed no losses of FB₁ and FB₂ in milk under conditions of freezing, refrigeration and boiling. A transmission study using four cows dosed with pure FB₁, either orally (1.0 and 5.0 mg FB₁/kg b.w.) or by i.v. injection (0.05 and 0.20 mg FB₁/kg b.w.) showed no detectable residues of FB, or AP₁ in the milk, with or without hydroiytic treatment with β‐glucuronidase/sulfatase to liberate any conjugates.     

粪便中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解研究

为了生态厕所的推广使用、便于操作和节约能耗,多采用无加热的设施,即在自然条件下(对于小型生态厕所,接近中温条件)的好氧堆肥处理.了解中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解特性,对于生态厕所的推广使用和简化设计、操作等具有重要意义.采用密闭式好氧堆肥反应器,模拟中温(35℃)的堆肥温度,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在含水率为60％以及连...