珠江口夏季海陆源有机碳的模拟研究——分布特征、贡献比重及其迁移转化过程

基于经过验证的三维水动力-水质模型,对珠江口夏季有机碳进行海陆源区分,并对海陆源有机碳的分布特征、贡献比重及其通量过程进行研究.结果表明,水平方向上,珠江口夏季陆源（海源）有机碳浓度从口门到外海逐渐降低（升高）,在表、底层海水中平均浓度分别为1.45和0.87mg/L（0.97和1.05mg/L）;垂直方向上,在层化水域陆源（海源）有机碳浓度从上到下逐渐递减（升高）,在非层化水域海陆源有机碳浓度垂向分布较为均匀.珠江口夏季海源有机碳贡献率表层海水低于底层海水,平均贡献率为48.26%,沿向海方向海源有机碳贡献率逐渐增加--从内伶仃洋水域的4.43%逐渐提升到外伶仃洋东侧水域的81.20%.珠江口水动力条件复杂,在径流、潮汐、季风等因素的作用下陆源有机碳向海输送且向海输送量逐渐递减;海源有机碳在不同水域动力输送特征不同,西南水域向海输送,向海输送量逐渐递增;东北水域向岸输送,向岸输送量逐渐递减.陆源有机碳生化反应活性较弱,只有小部分被生化过程消耗,其迁移转化主要由沉降过程控制,而海源有机碳的迁移转化,则由口门的动力输送过程主控向外海的生化耗碳过程主控过渡.此外,海源有机碳沉降作用明显低于陆源有机碳,生化作用明显高于陆源有机碳.     

北京市近地层气象要素与大气细菌浓度分布规律的调查研究

以1998年10月的观测资料为例,分析了北京市某地气象要素的变化规律以及该地区大气细菌浓度的分布特征,对两者之间的相互关系进行了初步探讨,发现一天内气象要素及细菌浓度均是周期变化,且两者有一定的相关性。     

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography

A membrane extraction-gas chromatography method was developed fordetermination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds including methamidophos, DDVP, dimethoate, methyl parathion, parathion, thiophosphoric acid trimethyl ester, and thiophosphoramidic acid dimethyl ester in water samples. In thismethod, surface-modified acetic cellulose membranes were used to extract the target analytes in water samples, the extracted analytes were back-extracted into a small amount of methanol, andgas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) was used to determine the concentrations of targetanalytes in the extracts. The recoveries obtained for thetarget analytes spiked into the water samples ranged from 66to 94%. The method detection limit for each target analyte was 0.05 g L^-1. The method developed in this study had shown the advantages of being cheap, simple, fast, and reliable. It had been used successfully to determine the concentrations of target analytes in river water samples.     

Sulphate, Nitrogen and Base Cation Budgets at 21 Forested Catchments in Canada, the United States and Europe

To assess the concern over declining base cation levels in forest soils caused by acid deposition, input-output budgets (1990s average) for sulphate (SO₄), inorganic nitrogen (NO₃-N; NH₄-N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were synthesised for 21 forested catchments from 17 regions in Canada, the United States and Europe. Trend analysis was conducted on monthly ion concentrations in deposition and runoff when more than 9 years of data were available (14 regions, 17 sites). Annual average SO₄ deposition during the 1990s ranged between 7.3 and 28.4 kg ha⁻¹ per year, and inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition was between 2.8 and 13.8 kg ha⁻¹ per year, of which 41–67% was nitrate (NO₃-N). Over the period of record, SO₄ concentration in deposition decreased in 13/14 (13 out of 14 total) regions and SO₄ in runoff decreased at 14/17 catchments. In contrast, NO₃-N concentrations in deposition decreased in only 1/14 regions, while NH₄-N concentration patterns varied; increasing at 3/14 regions and decreasing at 2/14 regions. Nitrate concentrations in runoff decreased at 4/17 catchments and increased at only 1 site, whereas runoff levels of NH₄-N increased at 5/17 catchments. Decreasing trends in deposition were also recorded for Ca, Mg, and K at many of the catchments and on an equivalent basis, accounted for up to 131% (median 22%) of the decrease in acid anion deposition. Base cation concentrations in streams generally declined over time, with significant decreases in Ca, Mg and K occurring at 8, 9 and 7 of 17 sites respectively, which accounted for up to 133% (median 48%) of the decrease in acid anion concentration. Sulphate export exceeded input at 18/21 catchments, likely due to dry deposition and/or internal sources. The majority of N in deposition (31–100%; median 94%) was retained in the catchments, although there was a tendency for greater NO₃-N leaching at sites receiving higher (<7 kg ha^-1 per year) bulk inorganic N deposition. Mass balance calculations show that export of Ca and Mg in runoff exceeds input at all 21 catchments, but K export only exceeds input at 16/21 sites. Estimates of base cation weathering were available for 18 sites. When included in the mass balance calculation, Ca, Mg and K exports exceeded inputs at 14, 10 and 2 sites respectively. Annual Ca and Mg losses represent appreciable proportions of the current exchangeable soil Ca and Mg pools, although losses at some of the sites likely occur from weathering reactions beneath the rooting zone and there is considerable uncertainty associated with mineral weathering estimates. Critical loads for sulphur (S) and N, using a critical base cation to aluminium ratio of 10 in soil solution, are currently exceeded at 7 of the 18 sites with base cation weathering estimates. Despite reductions in SO₄ and H⁺ deposition, mass balance estimates indicate that acid deposition continues to acidify soils in many regions with losses of Ca and Mg of primary concern. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.     

曲面零件在拉深过程中内皱时刻及影响因素

进一步推导了曲面零件悬空区上的应力分布及临界失稳公式。然后通过计算机编程 ,求解了临界失稳方程 ,得到了拉深系数、相对锥顶半径、相对圆角半径、材料相对厚度与临界失稳时刻间的关系曲线 ,并对曲线变化的规律进行了分析。     

Large pore size polyacrylonitrile membrane for ultrafiltration

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BOD微生物膜的再利用研究初探

对失去大部分活性的微生物膜进行再培养,以研究膜再利用的可能性。试验结果初部表明:在1/2MS培养基中加入一定量的植物激素,不仅可以使膜的电位值(I0)显著升高,且活性强,稳定性好,可使膜重复利用。     

Improvement of the antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes (PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces. Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured. The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes. To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater. With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d, the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

海洋沉积物中的多氯联苯

综述了目前国内外对PCB的研究状况，并指出了PCB的来源、分布及其在沉积物和水相之间的循环受人为活动和生物活动等许多因素的影响。此外本文还概述了PCB的毒性研究近况以及测定其在沉积物中行为的方法，从而为控制环境污染提供了科学依据。     

反渗透在环境工程中的应用

阐述了反渗透膜的分离机理(氢键理论,优先吸附-毛细管流动模型,溶解-扩散模型,等),反渗透膜技术在环境工程(重金属废水,垃圾渗滤液和印染废水处理)中的应用,以及膜集成工艺处理废水的概况,并对反渗透膜技术的研究和发展方向进行了展望。