The Distribution of Tree Species in the Ridge Landscape (Southern Karelia)

The distribution of tree species in the landscape was studied using the approach based on the comparison of the ecological requirements of species and the properties of ecotopes distinguished by their position in the relief and peculiarities of basement rocks. The types and specificity of ecological regimes were determined for the typical ecotopes of the southern Karelian ridge landscape. The main environmental and successional factors determining the distribution of seven forest-forming tree species in the ecotopes of this landscape were identified. The results of this work can provide a basis for the prognosis of forest vegetation in the landscape studied.     

洪泛湖泊水位-流量关系的非线性特征分析

湖泊的水位-流量关系是湖泊水文特性的重要表征。该关系与湖盆形态、湖泊与周围水系的水力联系等因素有关。鄱阳湖是长江中游的大型通江湖泊,洪泛特征显著。本文以鄱阳湖为例,研究洪泛湖泊入湖流量-湖泊水位关系及非线性特征。基于1960~2010年实测湖泊日水位和流域日径流数据,采用交叉小波和小波相干方法分析多时间尺度上水位对入湖流量的响应关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖入湖流量-湖泊水位关系存在3个特征阶段:阶段1中,入湖流量与湖泊水位相位差从0°过渡到45°~90°,水位上升初期与流量同步上升,后期水位对流量的响应产生迟滞效应,滞后时间为2~9d;阶段2中,入湖流量与湖泊水位相位差在90°左右波动,入湖流量率先下降,湖泊水位却保持缓慢上升;阶段3中,入湖流量与湖泊水位的相位变化与阶段1相反,从45°~90°过渡到0°,湖泊水位与入湖流量下降逐渐变为同步。本文提出鄱阳湖入湖流量-湖泊水位关系的3个阶段并分析其产生的主要原因,概化其水文特征,对通江洪泛湖泊的水文特征有新的认识,为下一步湖泊水文过程的刻画与模拟提供重要理论基础。     

An advanced study on the hydrometallurgical processing of waste computer printed circuit boards to extract their valuable content of metals

This study refers to two chemical leaching systems for the base and precious metals extraction from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs); sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide have been used for the first group of metals, meantime thiourea with the ferric ion in sulfuric acid medium were employed for the second one. The cementation process with zinc, copper and iron metal powders was attempted for solutions purification. The effects of hydrogen peroxide volume in rapport with sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were evaluated for oxidative leaching process. 2 M H₂SO₄ (98% w/v), 5% H₂O_2, 25 °C, 1/10 S/L ratio and 200 rpm were founded as optimal conditions for Cu extraction. Thiourea acid leaching process, performed on the solid filtrate obtained after three oxidative leaching steps, was carried out with 20 g/L of CS(NH₂)₂, 6 g/L of Fe³⁺, 0.5 M H₂SO₄, The cross-leaching method was applied by reusing of thiourea liquid suspension and immersing 5 g/L of this reagent for each other experiment material of leaching. This procedure has lead to the doubling and, respectively, tripling, of gold and silver concentrations into solution. These results reveal a very efficient, promising and environmental friendly method for WPCBs processing.     

Effectiveness of amphibians as biodiversity surrogates in pond conservation

Amphibian decline has led to worldwide conservation efforts, including the identification and designation of sites for their protection. These sites could also play an important role in the conservation of other freshwater taxa. In 89 ponds in Switzerland, we assessed the effectiveness of amphibians as a surrogate for 4 taxonomic groups that occur in the same freshwater ecosystems as amphibians: dragonflies, aquatic beetles, aquatic gastropods, and aquatic plants. The ponds were all of high value for amphibian conservation. Cross‐taxon correlations were tested for species richness and conservation value, and Mantel tests were used to investigate community congruence. Species richness, conservation value, and community composition of amphibians were weakly congruent with these measures for the other taxonomic groups. Paired comparisons for the 5 groups considered showed that for each metric, amphibians had the lowest degree of congruence. Our results imply that site designation for amphibian conservation will not necessarily provide protection for freshwater biodiversity as a whole. To provide adequate protection for freshwater species, we recommend other taxonomic groups be considered in addition to amphibians in the prioritization and site designation process.     

垄作秸秆覆盖下西南地区蚕豆田土壤呼吸与有机碳特征

土壤呼吸是土壤有机碳库输出的主要途径,为探讨垄作和不同秸秆覆盖量对旱三熟蚕豆田土壤呼吸及有机碳特征的影响,测定了平作无覆盖(T)、垄作无覆盖(R)、垄作+半量覆盖(RS1)、垄作+全量覆盖(RS2)这4个处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区蚕豆/玉米/甘薯旱三熟体系中蚕豆田土壤呼吸及有机碳变化,分析了土壤温度和水分与土壤呼吸的关系.结果表明,蚕豆生长季节农田土壤呼吸随作物生长一致,呈先增加后减弱的变化趋势,全生育期平均土壤呼吸速率差异显著,表现为RS2RS1TR,分别为3.365、2.935、2.683、2.263 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).垄作显著降低了蚕豆农田土壤呼吸速率,而秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤呼吸速率,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加.土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度(5 cm和10 cm)呈指数型增长,10 cm处的回归模型明显好于5 cm.10 cm土层Q10值表现为RS2RS1RT,分别为1.751、1.665、1.616、1.35.垄作和秸秆覆盖下土壤温度、水分与土壤呼吸速率的混合指数模型可以解释土壤呼吸速率变异的68%(R)、79%(RS1)和76%(RS2).垄作和秸秆覆盖下0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均得到不同程度的提高,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加,其中5~10 cm、10~20 cm土层表现为RS2RS1RT,差异达显著水平,且5~10 cm土层有机碳含量增幅最大;但垄作和秸秆覆盖仅显著提高了颗粒有机碳0~30 cm加权平均值,对颗粒有机碳占土壤有机碳比例的影响效应不显著.     

海城市污水排放对太子河水质的影响分析

海城河、五道河是海城市2条纳污河流,也是入太子河小姐庙断面上游的最后2条支流,小姐庙断面是太子河流域最下游的国控断面,也是该流域鞍山境内河流水质的重点考核断面,而海城河、五道河水质好坏将直接影响到小姐庙断面的水质;根据几年来掌握的监测数据,对海城河、五道河水中的COD浓度现状、纳污量及太子河对小姐庙断面水中COD浓度的贡献率进行了分析,并提出了污染控制对策。     

横坡与顺坡垄作径流氮磷输出及其富营养化风险对比研究

以沂蒙山区典型的坡耕地为例,通过2种雨强(40 mm·h-1和70 mm·h-1)下的野外原位模拟降雨试验,分析了横坡与顺坡垄作地表径流溶解态无机氮Inorganic-N(NO3--N、NH4+-N)以及溶解态磷(DP)的输出特征,并利用Inorganic-N/DP、NO3--N/DP和NH4+-N/DP等3种氮磷比对...     

钢铁行业技术减排措施硫、氮、碳协同控制效应评价研究

随着我国污染减排形势的日趋严峻,在高污染行业采用协同控制措施实现多种污染物控制目标不仅十分必要而且非常迫切,而合理评价减排措施的协同控制效应是实施协同控制的基础.基于此,本研究从环境-经济-技术角度系统地提出了钢铁行业技术减排措施对硫、氮、碳的协同控制效应评价方法,包括:协同控制效应坐标系分析、污染物减排量交叉弹性(Elsa/b)分析和单位污染物减排成本评价,3种评价方法相互配合,可以从多角度检验不同减排措施的协同控制效应.协同控制效应坐标系和污染物减排量交叉弹性分析的结果表明,末端治理措施不具有协同控制效应或协同控制效应不佳,而绝大多数过程控制措施都具有较好的协同控制效应.单位污染物减排成本评价的结果表明,末端治理措施优先度排序靠后,而过程控制措施排序靠前,且针对不同污染物的排序结果有所不同.在进行钢铁行业协同减排方案设计和规划时,应根据决策需要选择适宜的评价方法,参考评价结果选择最为成本有效的措施.     

新型超宽带全向线天线的设计与分析

设计了一种新型超宽带全向线天线,采用交叉闭合金属线增强了天线的全向辐射特性,提出了一种小半球加载的天线结构,有效改善了阻抗匹配特性。采用CST软件建立天线模型,进行仿真和优化,并制作实物,进行了性能测试。结果显示,天线在0.45～28.4 GHz频带内,驻波系数小于2,且在全工作频带内方向图稳定,具有良好的水平全向辐射特性。该新型超宽带全向线天线在电磁环境监测等领域具有一定的应用价值。     

典型表层岩溶水系统降水量与泉流量的交叉小波分析

利用2002年3月至2008年12月龙怀表层岩溶水系统降水量与2个表层岩溶泉泉流量资料,采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换与小波相干方法,对龙怀表层岩溶水系统降水量及表层岩溶泉泉流量多时间尺度特征及相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:龙怀表层岩溶水系统降水量主振荡周期为0.77～1.16a,布洋1号泉与龙何下泉泉流量的主振荡周期均为0.82～1.23a,而其高频部分周期变化均不连续,其动态特征均以年际变化为主;交叉小波变换揭示COI区域外降水量与布洋1号、龙何下泉泉流量的主共振周期均为0.77～1.23a,且涵盖全部时域,2个表层岩溶泉对降水的响应是显著和稳定的;表层岩溶泉泉流量存在稳定的落后于降水量的相位变化,布洋1号、龙何下泉分别落后于降水量0.61d、2.63d左右,表层岩溶泉径流过程为其泉域特征所制约;小波相干谱表明降水量与布洋1号泉流量在0.17～2.45a的全频域均显著共振,与龙何下泉在0.17～1.55a的周期上显著共振,且二者均涵盖了大部分时域,降水量与泉流量动态高度相关。