在超滤草浆黑液过程中膜阻力的分布

采用截留分子量30000,20000,10000和6000的超滤膜,对草浆黑液进行了超滤过程中膜阻力分布的研究.通过测定不同条件下膜样品的通量,对聚乙二醇标准物的截留率,指出在超滤黑液过程中各部分阻力的比例和超滤膜的分离特性的变化.各种膜样品的热重分析结果表明,膜污染是由微量有机物引起的污染.     

超滤膜深度处理煤制气废水的化学清洗研究

用实验室自制超滤膜系统深度处理煤制气废水。采用扫描电镜和能谱分析比较了质量为一定浓度均为0．5％的NaC10溶液（有效氯为5％）、NaOH溶液,HCl溶液对污染膜丝内表面滤饼层的静态浸泡效果。为进一步确定不同清洗剂的化学清洗效果,选用质量浓度为0．25％的NaOH溶液和0．25％的NaCl0溶液对污染膜组件进行了手动化学清洗并通过过滤纯水确定清洗效率。结果显示,NaC10溶液和NaOH溶液对滤饼层分别具有溶解和剥离作用,从而对滤饼层起到了去除作用;能谱分析显示采用这两种清洗剂后的膜丝内表面元素组成与原膜较为接近,SEM分析则显示二者在去除滤饼层的同时对膜袁面性状均有一定程度的改变;而经HCl溶液浸泡后的膜丝滤饼层未见去除,能谱分析显示此时膜丝内表面的元素组成与原膜有显著差异。手动化学清洗结果进一步显示,0．25％的NaCl0溶液对膜组件的清洗效率可达到97％。     

混凝沉淀-UF工艺去除二级出水中ARGs效能研究

为了研究混凝沉淀-UF工艺对城市污水处理厂二级出水中ARGs（抗生素抗性基因）去除的影响,以PACl（聚合氯化铝）和PFS（聚合硫酸铁）作为混凝剂,采用qPCR（实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应）和EEM（三维荧光光谱）等分析混凝沉淀-UF工艺对ARGs的削减及其影响因素.结果表明:① PACl、PFS投加量（分别以Al、Fe计,下同）分别为0.85、0.50 mmol/L时,与直接UF工艺相比,混凝沉淀-UF工艺对水中各类ARGs的去除量高2~3个数量级,其中PACl-UF工艺的效果更好,去除量为2.51~3.52个数量级;对水中DOC（溶解性有机碳）、富里酸类及溶解性微生物代谢产物的去除效果更好,DOC去除率由18%升至36%.②直接UF、PACl-UF、PFS-UF 3种工艺膜进、出水的线性拟合结果显示,ARGs浓度与ρ（DOC）、16S rDNA浓度均呈显著正相关.研究显示,混凝沉淀-UF工艺可以有效去除二级出水中的ARGs,且有机物、16S rDNA的去除有助于ARGs的削减.      

预处理对短流程超滤工艺不可逆膜污染影响的中试试验

以东江水为处理对象,进行直接超滤、微絮凝-超滤和絮凝/活性炭-超滤中试研究,探讨预处理对短流程超滤工艺不可逆膜污染的影响.利用扫描电镜形貌观察、三维荧光光谱(EEM)和高效排阻色谱法等手段对不可逆膜污染物进行表征分析,比较预处理对不可逆膜污染物含量和组分的影响,阐述预处理对不可逆膜污染影响的机制.结果表明,在10 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)低通量运行下,微絮凝预处理使不可逆膜污染增长速率从直接超滤的0.32 k Pa·d~(-1)下降到0.16 k Pa·d~(-1),絮凝/活性炭预处理后超滤工艺几乎零污染运行,且当絮凝/活性炭-超滤运行通量增加至17 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)时,仍没有观察到明显的不可逆膜污染增长.东江水中不可逆膜污染的主要组分是蛋白质类和富里酸等腐殖质类物质.微絮凝通过改变膜表面滤饼层的结构(厚度和密实性),提高物理清洗效率,减轻不可逆膜污染的积累;絮凝/活性炭预处理提高对不可逆膜污染物的去除效果,减轻膜污染负荷,控制不可逆膜污染.因此,采用絮凝和絮凝/活性炭预处理工艺,均可有效降低短流程超滤工艺不可逆膜污染积累.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

Temporal variability of iron concentrations and fractions in wetland waters in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Chemical forms, reactivities and transformation of iron fractions in marshy waters were investigated with cross-flow filtration technique to study the iron environmental behavior. Iron fractions were divided into four parts: acid-labile iron (pre-acidification of unfiltered marshy water samples, 0.7 μm), high-molecular-weight iron (0.7-0.05 μm), medium-molecular-weight iron (0.05-0.01 μm), and low-molecular-weight iron ( 0.01 μm). The cross-flow filtration suggested that iron primarily exist in both the 0.7 μm and 0.01 μm size fractions in marshy waters. Rainfall is the key for rain-fed wetland to determine fate of iron by changing the aquatic biochemical conditions. By monitoring the variation of iron concentrations and fractions over three years, it was found that dissolved iron and acid-labile iron concentrations exhibit a large variation extent under different annual rainfalls from 2006 to 2008. The seasonal variation for iron species proved that the surface temperature could control some conversion reactions of iron in marshy waters. Low- molecular-weight iron would convert to acid-labile iron gradually with temperature decreasing. The photochemical reactions of iron fractions, especially low-molecular-weight iron had occurred under solar irradiation. The relative proportion of low-molecular-weight in total dissolved iron ranging from 28.3% to 43.2% were found during the day time, which proved that the observed decreasing concentration of acid lability iron was caused by its degradation to low molecular weight iron.     

酸化超滤法和螯合超滤法回收再利用SDS胶团

以含Cd²⁺的浓缩废液为对象,考察了不同的酸化剂、螯合剂、pH值、操作模式对Cd²⁺的分离、SDS胶团的回收和再利用效果的影响.结果表明,酸化超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:硫酸作为酸化剂,pH值为1.0,间歇式操作,此条件下,浓缩废液中Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为98.0%和58.1%,回收的SDS胶团再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率仍有80.2%;螯合超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:EDTA作为螯合剂,不控制pH值(pH=4.4),间歇式操作,此条件下,Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为90.1%和60.5%,再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率达到79.4%.     

内压式中空纤维超滤膜污染模型研究

以流体力学和过滤理论为基础,建立了一个描述内压式中空纤维超滤膜污染的数学模型。该模型将膜的性质、原水的性质、清洗条件等多种因素对超滤过程的影响,用一个参数——膜堵塞系数表示。实验以造纸黒液稀释水为原水,对模型参数进行了拟合、验证,模拟计算结果与实验实测数据比较吻合,说明该模型能较好的模拟内压式中空纤维超滤膜过滤过程。