Why social values cannot be changed for the sake of conservation

The hope for creating widespread change in social values has endured among conservation professionals since early calls by Aldo Leopold for a “land ethic.” However, there has been little serious attention in conservation to the fields of investigation that address values, how they are formed, and how they change. We introduce a social–ecological systems conceptual approach in which values are seen not only as motivational goals people hold but also as ideas that are deeply embedded in society's material culture, collective behaviors, traditions, and institutions. Values define and bind groups, organizations, and societies; serve an adaptive role; and are typically stable across generations. When abrupt value changes occur, they are in response to substantial alterations in the social–ecological context. Such changes build on prior value structures and do not result in complete replacement. Given this understanding of values, we conclude that deliberate efforts to orchestrate value shifts for conservation are unlikely to be effective. Instead, there is an urgent need for research on values with a multilevel and dynamic view that can inform innovative conservation strategies for working within existing value structures. New directions facilitated by a systems approach will enhance understanding of the role values play in shaping conservation challenges and improve management of the human component of conservation.     

“Science is Everywhere,but No One Knows It”: Assessing the Cultural Distance to Science of Rural South African Publics

ABSTRACT

In science communication, a prerequisite for reaching different parts of a society is to find out how these publics experience and interpret science. Since rural South African publics are perceived to exhibit a large cultural distance to science, the present exploratory study aimed to know in more detail how rural South Africans perceive and understand science in their local and social contexts. Theoretical notions on cultural distance and the methodological approach of segmentation studies were considered. Semi-structured interviews with rural South Africans were carried out in four towns (n?=?52) that differ with respect to having a large scientific installation in their vicinity, or not. Sensitively comparing local and social contexts helped identifying three different publics who differed regarding their perceptions of science; however, the large scientific installations only made a difference in perceptions for those publics who were generally less exposed to and less knowledgeable about science.     

Aboriginal world views and colonisation: implications for coastal sustainability†

In this paper, we show how the Aboriginal people in the south-west of Australia (the Nyungar) developed systems of knowledge, of caring for country and of family relations that enabled them to survive for tens of thousands of years and continue to have importance today. The impacts of British colonisation on cultural continuity and knowledge in the south-west have been significant and include loss of land, break-up of families and massacre. These practices led to a loss of knowledge of language and culture in some cases. However, Nyungar culture is alive and dynamic, constantly being reclaimed, re-energised and rebuilt through the interaction of contemporary and traditional research praxis. Focusing on Derbal Nara (Cockburn Sound) on the coast in the southern metropolitan area of Perth, we provide case examples of the action-research-learning methodologies used by Whadjuk Nyungar Traditional Owners. We also provide examples of stories about Derbal Nara that are still alive and being recounted up to the present day, including those that account for the recent ice age and the end of the ice age 8000 years BC when sea levels rose, drowning land in the area of Derbal Nara. Finally, we argue that Whadjuk Nyungar experiences and world views based on relationality and reflexivity are central to sustainable coastal management and that in some respects there has already been a convergence of Indigenous and Western coastal management. We present a set of principles that support the development of this “third space” for coastal sustainability.     

基于整车道路强化腐蚀试验的工况探讨

试验工况是否科学,可以通过对国内外常用试验方法的工况进行对比,发现其存在的差异性及侧重点,并通过调研对试验工况数据切合度进行验证。只有制定出合理的试验工况,才能为腐蚀数据库提供科学的数据支持。     

用于石油污染土壤降解的高效降解菌的筛选及其降解条件优化

经过富集、分离优选出高效石油降解菌L-1,根据形态观察和生理生化特征初步鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌;采用单因素花盆实验模拟微生物原位修复并对其降解条件进行优化。结果表明,将高效石油降解菌应用于修复石油污染土壤,适宜接种量、表面活性剂浓度、CNP比、翻耕频率分别为15%、0.1%、100∶10∶1和1 d 1次;在该降解条件下修复28 d,可达到16.80%的石油降解率,远远高于土著微生物6.92%的降解率。     

成都非物质文化遗产保护研究

如何将非物质文化遗产保护与成都国家历史文化名城发展相结合是成都非物质文化遗产保护面临的首要任务。以成都非物质文化遗产保护为关注焦点,强调了其研究意义,分析了其保护现状与现存问题,如保护意识淡薄、保护方法不当等,从保护规划、制度及措施等方面提出了具体保护对策,并指出应注意的问题,为深入开展成都非物质文化遗产保护研究,科学开展成都"非遗"保护工作,推动其科学发展与和谐发展提供新思路。     

利用餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液制备液态菌肥研究

以餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液为发酵培养基,选用圆褐固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcum)作为实验菌种制作固氮液态菌肥。测定了圆褐固氮菌的主要生理特性,将其接种于餐厨湿热处理脱出液中进行培养,确定最佳发酵时间,并分别测定发酵的最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、脱出液与水的混合比例。结果表明:圆褐固氮菌在餐厨湿热处理脱出液中最佳发酵时间为36 h,发酵最佳初始p H值、接种量、培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、脱出液与水的混合比例依次为7.5、1%、30℃、150 r/min、50 m L(250 m L锥形瓶)、1∶1。圆褐固氮菌在餐厨垃圾湿热处理脱出液中进行培养后,可达到液态菌肥的活菌数标准。     

小型封闭水体环境因子与叶绿素a的时空分布及相关性研究

以崇明岛前卫村的一个小型封闭富营养化水体为对象,自2007年7月~2011年9月进行了约4 a的野外观测,研究了物化因子、水动力因素和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的时空分布特征及其相关性.结果表明,该水体Chl-a含量具有明显的时空差异性.Chl-a含量与水温、浊度、TN和TP均呈显著正相关关系,水温和营养盐是影响浮游植物季节动态的主要因素,浊度的季节变化是浮游植物生长的结果表征.Chl-a的空间差异性与不同水域水动力条件的差异有关,受风影响显著的水域(北河道)流速多分布在0.08~0.22 m·s-1范围内,Chl-a含量显著较低(平均浓度为53.11μg·L-1).从流速与Chl-a的关系分析来看,流速与Chl-a浓度呈显著负相关关系,流速总体分布在0~0.10 m·s-1的水域Chl-a含量显著偏高(平均浓度为35.30μg·L-1).该结果表明较大强度的水动力条件能够对富营养化封闭水体中浮游植物生长产生显著的抑制作用,可为相关水体的水华防治提供有益借鉴.     

流化床污泥干燥器床料的颗粒度对流化情况的影响

以上海白龙港污水处理厂流化床污泥干燥系统为研究对象,针对流化床污泥干燥器流化情况的好坏分析,在确定其它变量（流化风量、给料分配器转速、料层压差、运行负荷等）不变的情况下,对床料颗粒度的工艺参数进行研究实验,总结颗粒度的工艺参数对流化情况的运行变化规律,从而提高了流化床污泥干燥系统的稳定性、连续性和高效性。     

正交实验在气浮法条件筛选中的应用研究

正交试验是研究多因素多水平的一种设计方法,它是根据正交性从全面试验中挑选出部分有代表性的点进行试验,这些有代表性的点具备了“均匀分散,齐整可比”的特点,正交试验设计是分析因式设计的主要方法。是一种高效率、快速、经济的实验设计方法。将正交试验选择的水平组合列成表格,称为正交表。本文选择对溶气气浮法为研究对象,通过PAC的加入量、沉降时间、搅拌强度和搅拌时间等因素对废水的混凝处理效果有较大影响,为确定各因素的最佳值和影响效果的主次关系,选择影响较大的因素,采用正交实验确定设备最佳的运行条件。