Toxicity screening of biodegradable polymers. II. Evaluation of cell culture test with medium extract

Cell culture testing with material extracts was applied to toxicity screening of some commercial degradable plastics: a plasticized cellulose acetate, an aliphatic polyester (Bionolle), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone (TONE polymer). Cell culture medium with serum was used as extraction medium. Methods for the determination of morphology and viability of cells cultured in the extract were investigated. Phase-contrast light microscopy of cells, enhanced by neutral red staining, provides high-contrast images for qualitative evaluation of cell morphology and lysis. Compared to the determination of protein using the Bradford method and of neutral red uptake, the determination of dehydrogenase activity using 3-[4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl]-2,5-diephenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) is more sensitive and accurate. The relative MTT activity of cells cultured in fresh extracts indicate that TONE polymer (all shapes) and Bionolle (test bars and films) are comparable to materials currently used in the food industry (polyethylene terephthalate, atactic and isotactic polystyrene) with no toxic effects on cells.     

紫外技术应用于油田含聚采出水快速降粘的研究

聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)在提高油田采收率的同时,也为采出水的处理提出了新的挑战.采用UV254 nm处理,将其应用于油田含聚合物污水的快速降粘.研究结果表明:UV254 nm应用于聚丙烯酰胺配水时,在30 min的处理过程中,粘度由57.2 mPa·S迅速降低为2.12 mPa·S;实际含聚污水的粘度在30 min处理过程中由2.902 mPa·S降低为1.096 mPa·S.UV254 nm处理同样可以控制实际含聚污水中的悬浮物和含油量,使其在30 min的处理过程中由42.73 mg/L和38.96 mg/L分别降为20.91 mg/L和23.54 mg/L.UV254 nm在油田含聚污水处理上对粘度、含油量和悬浮物实现了较好的控制,且可以缩短处理时间,减小构筑物体积,因此可以作为传统沉降工艺的替代工艺应用于油田含聚污水的处理.     

疏水缔合型有机高分子聚合物对水体中多环芳烃的富集性能

以芘分子为分子荧光探针测定了疏水缔合有机高分子聚合物HAP对多环芳烃类化合物的富集性能.实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对芘具有良好的胶束增溶和富集作用,且随着聚合物浓度增大、疏水嵌段结构分布均匀适度,富集能力逐渐增强.絮凝实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对多环芳烃的富集性能可作为有效的辅助手段,实现对水体中微量有机污染物的去除.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

不同环境条件下Pseudomonas sp.脱氮特性及功能基因表达差异研究

从活性污泥中分离获得一株PCL降解菌,经形态学和16S rDNA鉴定后命名为Pseudomonas sp.JQ-H3.经过脱氮实验验证,该菌能够以PCL为唯一碳源,分别以氨氮或硝酸盐氮为氮源进行异养硝化好氧反硝化.该菌能够在36h内去除93.11%的氨氮（初始氨氮浓度为102.41mg/L）,氨氮最大降解速率为5.77mg/（L·h）;并且能够在48h内去除93.93%的硝酸盐氮（初始氨氮浓度为99.01mg/L）,硝酸盐氮最大降解速率为4.12mg/（L·h）.对PCL膜的降解实验结果表明,菌株能够在60d内将初始重量为100mg的PCL薄膜降解94.03%,且胞外脂肪酶活性在30d时达到最大值9.18mU/mL.另外,Q-PCR实验结果表明,弱碱性环境促进了amoA和nirS基因的表达;napA、cnorB、nosZ基因的成功表达,进一步证明了菌株的异养硝化好氧反硝化能力.     

胞外聚合物和信号分子对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

为了探究胞外聚合物（EPS）对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥活性的影响,分别向厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中投加30mg/L的总胞外聚合物（IN-EPS）,松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）.结果表明,3种EPS均可提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性.对于添加了IN-EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的实验组,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的氨氮去除速率分别增加了6.68%,10.5%和19.29%,厌氧氨氧化菌的生长速率分别增加了18.25%,21%,16.3%.三维荧光光谱法分析发现3种EPS的组成基本相同,以芳香族蛋白质和可溶性微生物产物为主.对EPS中的高丝氨酸内酯类（AHLs）信号分子进行检测,发现EPS中含有3种信号分子,分别是C4-HSL,C6-HSL和C10-HSL,外源投加这3种AHLs到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中,结果发现C4-HSL和C6-HSL可以提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性和生长速率,这是EPS可以提高厌氧氨氧化菌活性的原因.     

Removal of bisphenol a in soil by cyclodextrin derivatives

The apparent aqueous solubility of the endocrine disruptor in hydroxypropyl‐cyclodextrin (HP‐CD) solutions was investigated for evaluating the remediation of soil contamination and ground water pollution. The apparent solubility of bisphenol A (BPA) in water was significantly increased in HP‐CD solutions. The solubilization effect of HP‐CD's is caused by the formation of inclusion complexes of BPA and cyclodextrin. The relative aqueous‐phase concentration of BPA linearly increased with increasing HP‐CD concentration. The solubility of BPA increased in the order of the addition of HP‐a‐CD, HP‐7‐CD, and HP‐ß‐CD. However, it did not depend upon the degree of hydroxypropylation substitution. It is concluded that HP‐CD may be utilized for the remediation of soil contamination.     

2种BDPs固相反硝化的脱氮效果对比

利用批量和连续流填充床试验对比了2种BDPs(可生物降解聚合物)——PBS(聚丁二酸丁二醇酯)和PCL(聚ε-己内酯)的反硝化效果. 批量试验结果表明,在脱氮稳定阶段,B1(PCL)和B2(PBS)对TN的平均去除率和反硝化速率分别为97.4%、67.0%和7.5、1.8 mg/(L·h),B2均明显优于B1. 连续流试验中,在进水ρ(NO₃--N)为16.8～18.8 mg/L、HRT(水力停留时间)为4.0 h的条件下,L1(PCL填充床)的反硝化速率大于L2(PBS填充床). 但是随着HRT的减小,L1呈现出比L2更快的反硝化速率. L2和L1分别在HRT为2.0和1.5 h时获得最大反硝化速率,分别为7.7和9.3 mg/(L·h). ESEM(环境扫描电子显微镜)观察结果表明,生物膜剥离后,PCL和PBS颗粒表面均出现大量的坑洞,并且PCL颗粒表面坑洞的密集程度远大于PBS. 三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)分析结果表明,L2和L1出水中的溶解性有机物主要为类色氨酸这类简单的蛋白质和SMP(溶解性微生物代谢产物),并且L1水中SMP的荧光峰强度明显高于L2.      

Controlling the Behaviors of Biodegradable/Bioabsorbable Polymers with Cyclodextrins

The cyclic six, seven, and eight-membered oligosaccharides -, -, and -cyclodextrins (CDs) can serve as hosts for a variety of polymer guests to form crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs), wherein the guest polymers are included in the continuous narrow channels (0.5–1.0 nm in diameter) formed by the host CD stacks. Polymers included as guests in CD-ICs are highly extended and segregated from neighboring chains by the walls of the host CD bracelets. As a consequence, when polymer-CD-ICs are treated with solvents for CDs that are non-solvents for the included polymers or with amylase enzymes, the CDs are removed and the guest polymers are coalesced into bulk samples whose structures, morphologies, and even chain conformations are different from those achieved by consolidation from their randomly coiling, entangled solutions and melts. Often these CD-IC coalesced and consequently reorganized polymer samples exhibit properties that are distinct from their normally processed bulk samples. Here we describe the CD-IC processing of several biodegradable/bioabsorbable homopolymers, copolymers, and blends made from poly (L-lactic acid), poly (-caprolactone), and poly (-hydroxybutyrate)s, with special emphasis placed on their improved and controllable properties. For example, the phase segregation and consequent crystallinities of their normally incompatible homopolymer blends and their block copolymers may be controlled and thus improved. In addition, co-inclusion of small molecule guests, such as drugs or anti-bacterials, in their common CD-ICs, and subsequent coalescence, yields well-mixed blends of these biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers and the small molecule co-guests, which may lead, for example, to the improved delivery of drugs.     

Toxicity screening of biodegradable polymers. I. Selection and evaluation of cell culture test methods

A screening test method for potential toxicity of biodegradable plastics on humans and the environment was selected and evaluated with samples of cellulose acetate, Bionolle, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone (Tone polymer). Among the standardin vitro tests using animal cell cultures for the evaluation of biomedical materials, the test by direct contact and the test with extract were examined. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the cell viability and morphology indicate that the test with extracts can be easily performed, providing reproducible and comparable results for all materials. Using the cell culture test with the extract of sterile samples, an estimation of the toxicity of a new polymeric material can be obtained within a few weeks.