Prospects for Conserving and Restoring the Properties and Ecological Functions of Arable Soils

Changes in the properties and ecological functions of soils under the effect of farming are considered. Evidence is provided that optimization of the structure of land inventory with regard to environmental conditions in a concrete region is a promising approach to the conservation and restoration of disturbed and degraded soils. A classification of soils with respect to their arability is proposed as a theoretical basis for reorganizing agricultural land use.     

不同利用方式对草甸草原抗风蚀能力的影响

为了解不同利用方式对呼伦贝尔草甸草原抗风蚀能力的影响,采用植被凋查结合风洞实验的方法对不同利用方式条件下的草甸草原植被变化和草甸草原原状土的抗风蚀能力进行了研究.结果表明,草甸草原不同利用强度条件下临界风蚀风速(v)随植被盖度(Cover)的变化基本服从二次幂函数关系.随着利用强度的增加,植被盖度降低,在同样风速条件下(大于临界风蚀风速),风蚀率迅速增加.较轻的利用强度下,当植被盖度保持在63%时,在风速为25 m/s条件下风蚀率也很小,而当植被盖度<35%时,在风速为20～25 m/s条件下,风蚀率随植被盖度的下降迅速上升.草甸草原区的免耕农田由于完全失去植被的保护,每分钟狂风(25 m/s)造成的土壤风蚀量达到682.1 kg/hm2,接近1 a的土壤平均生成量(1 000 kg/hm2).     

五道梁高寒草原土壤水分和植被盖度空间异质性的地统计分析

青藏高原高寒草原区,由于长期冻融和地下冰的存在形成了独特的生态水文结构,土壤水分是控制高寒草原生态过程的关键因子。利用地统计学对多年冻土区高寒草原土壤表层含水量和植被盖度的空间变异性进行研究,结果表明,高寒草原生态系统浅层剖面(0~50 cm)土壤水分和植被盖度均符合正态分布,土壤含水量沿垂直方向逐渐增大,介于19.43%~25.37%之间,变异系数介于23.77%~40.92%;植被盖度具有强变异性,变异系数为47.99%。0~50 cm土壤含水量具有高度的空间异质性,其中91.1%的空间异质性是由空间自相关部分引起的,主要体现在10~190 m的中尺度上;植被盖度在研究尺度上具有中等程度的空间自相关,植被盖度随机部分的空间变异性占总空间变异性的比例为34.2%,主要体现在10 m的尺度内。各向异性分析表明,土壤水分和植被盖度具有明显的各向异性,其空间格局有明显的差异。     

乌拉盖综合经济开发区土地垦殖状况调查

1993年2月,乌拉盖综合开发区建立。2000年后引起国内多家媒体和生态学人士等的多方关注,新闻媒体说：＂开发区面积5013平方公里,大约相当于10个上海市的面积,是全国面积最大的开发区,开发10多年后不仅难见经济效益,而且造成草原生态破坏,开发面积大得吓人、经济总量小得可怜、生态安全遭遇挑战＂。2008年自治区生态环境监测站对此事进行了调查。调查结果显示：5013平方公里是乌拉盖综合经济开发区行政区面积,实际开发面积没有那么大。草原生态破坏程度比较严重。     

纳帕海湖滨草甸湿地土壤氮动态对水文周期变化的响应

对滇西北高原纳帕海国际重要湿地湖滨草甸土壤氮动态进行了为期2 a的定位监测,分析了水文周期对草甸土壤氮转化过程的驱动规律.结果表明,湖滨草甸湿地表现出以土壤干湿交替为主的水文周期变化特征.水文周期对0~20 cm表层土壤全氮赋存有显著影响,表层土壤全氮含量变幅为0.96~1.30 g/kg,呈不规则"W"型变化模式,在雨季表层土壤全氮与水位波动趋势一致.旱季地下水位较低时,草甸土壤有机氮矿化作用强烈,土壤水解氮含量相对较高.在雨季草甸土壤水解氮含量与水位波动趋势相反,8月湖水退落土壤水解氮含量最高,0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层分别为222.19 mg/kg和47.41 mg/kg,湖水再次上涨土壤中水解氮含量下降幅度分别为42%和48%,表明雨季后期水位波动加速了土壤水解氮向湿地水体中的运移速率,增加了湿地水体氮营养负荷.     

模拟放牧改变了氮添加作用下高寒草甸生物量的分配模式

高寒草甸是氮素匮乏的生态系统,氮添加和放牧都会显著改变土壤养分的有效性及高寒植物对养分的利用方式,从而影响群落生产力。为了认识氮沉降和放牧干扰对青藏高原高寒草甸的影响,在西藏当雄县高山嵩草草甸开展了氮添加及模拟放牧实验。在模拟放牧样地(G+N)和不放牧样地(NG+N)分别设置4个氮添加处理:0、 10、 20和40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,在生长季采用原位封顶埋管法测定净氮矿化速率,同时分析群落生物量分配与植物氮利用的相互关系。研究表明:氮添加与模拟放牧对植物的分配模式有不同的影响。在无放牧压力下,氮添加主要刺激植物地上部分的生长;在放牧压力下,氮添加更倾向于促进植物地下部分的生长。虽然剪草移走了15%~20%的地上生物量,但由于氮添加促进了植物的补偿生长,模拟放牧与不放牧处理的总生物量无显著差异,甚至前者高于后者。高寒草甸植物生物量分配对氮添加和模拟放牧的响应也体现在土壤供氮潜力的作用模式上,土壤净氮矿化速率在NG+N样地与植物地上生物量呈显著负相关,而在G+N样地与植物地下生物量呈显著负相关。这表明高寒草甸植物可以通过改变自身光合产物的分配模式来响应土壤养分状况和放牧干扰,在有效养分匮乏的高寒草甸添加氮素能够促进植物的补偿性生长。     

Effects of long-term nutrient addition on meso-micro soil arthropod communities in a Stipa baicalensis grassland北大核心CSCD

To analyze the effect of nutrient addition on small- and medium-sized soil arthropod communities in a Stipa Baikal meadow grassland, a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition experiment was designed in the Stipa Baikal meadow grassland at Ewenki Banner, Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia, China in 2010. Changes in the structure and diversity of soil arthropod communities and their relationship with environmental factors were studied. Soil arthropod samples were collected during the forage greening (May), growth (August), and yellowing (end of September) periods in 2019. The results showed that: (1) compared to the control sample, N-added and NP-added samples had higher number of soil arthropods by 1.38 and 1.15 times, respectively, and an increase of 28.57% and 21.43% in the number of soil arthropod groups. The numbers of individual as well as groups of soil arthropods tended to increase with P addition; however, this response did not reach a significant level. (2) The water and heat conditions during the vegetation growth period in the test area were more suitable for the development of soil fauna communities. (3) The redundancy analysis (RDA) results further indicated that the community composition of soil fauna is mainly regulated by pH and plant evenness, and soil pH is particularly important in mediating changes in small- and medium-sized soil fauna communities. This study suggests that long-term nutrient addition has a positive impact on small- and medium-sized soil arthropod communities by changing plant evenness and soil pH, and the contribution of soil pH is greater than that of plant evenness. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Instream Restoration to Improve the Ecohydrologic Function of a Subalpine Meadow: Pre‐implementation Modeling with HEC‐RAS

Vegetation in subalpine meadows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is particularly vulnerable to lowering of groundwater levels because wet meadow vegetation is reliant upon shallow groundwater during the dry summer growing season. These ecosystems are especially vulnerable to channel incision as meadow aquifers are hydrologically connected to tributaries, and many have not yet recovered from previous anthropogenic influences. While instream restoration projects have become a common approach, lack of postrestoration monitoring and communication often result in a trial‐and‐error approach. In this study we demonstrate that preimplementation modeling of possible instream restoration solutions, chosen to raise stream stage and subsequently groundwater levels, is a useful tool for evaluating and comparing potential channel modifications. Modeling allows us to identify strategic locations and specific methods. Results show additional sediment depth and roughness on tributaries along with introduced woody debris (simulated by high roughness) on the Tuolumne River are the most effective means of raising stream stage. Results demonstrate that restoration efforts are most efficient in tributary streams. Managers and planners can more efficiently direct resources while minimizing the potential for negative impacts or failed restoration projects by modeling the possible effects of multiple restoration scenarios before implementation.     

高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤全氮含量变化动态分析

采用凯氏定氮法对高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤全氮进行季节动态测定分析,结果表明:在整个生长季中0～20 cm层土壤全氮质量分数的顺序为:藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(Kobresia-swamp meadow)>露梅灌丛草甸(Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubs)>人工燕麦草地(Avena sativa artficial grassland)>矮嵩草草甸(Kobresia humilis meadow)>矮嵩草退化草地(Kobresia humilis-degraded grassland).原生植被草甸类型下单位面积土壤全氮含量远高于退化草地.藏嵩草沼泽化草甸土壤每平方米的全氮含量最高,达到0.712 kg,金露梅草甸次之,两者之间差异性不显著(p>0.05);其他三种草地类型单位面积土壤全氮含量差异性显著(p<0.05);原生草甸矮嵩草草甸每平方米全氮平均含量为0.406 kg,而退化的矮嵩草草地每平方米全氮平均含量为0.301 kg,可以推算,土地退化导致土壤全氮流失的量为0.105kg,即高寒草地退化导致25.86%氮流失.随着季节的变化,土壤全氮质量分数随生长季均有所增加,最高值都出现在8月份,但各月份之间土壤全氮质量分数变化差异性不显著(p>0.05).原生植被0～10 cm层土壤全氮含量高于10～2O cm层,人工草地与退化草地差异性不显著.     

偏远高山湖泊沉积物中持久性有机污染物的沉积记录研究

持久性有机污染物(POPs)因具有半挥发性,可随大气长距离传输迁移到偏远的高山地区,对当地生态环境造成潜在威胁,因而POPs在这些地区的归趋及行为受到广泛关注.偏远高山地区环境中的POPs主要来源于大气沉降过程,湖芯能较好地保存大气污染物的沉降信息以及年代信息,被称为"天然档案室",常被用于研究污染物的沉降历史和演变规律.本文首先介绍了几种常用于湖芯定年的放射性核素定年方法,然后综述了不同区域高山湖芯中POPs的时空变化趋势以及影响因素,最后针对偏远高山沉积物研究存在的不足对未来研究提出了几点建议.