RUNOFF VOLUME ESTIMATION USING GIS TECHNIQUES1

ABSTRACT: Rainfall runoff of six watersheds was modeled via the Soil Conservation Service runoff curve number model in two ways: conventionally (manually) and via a geographic information system (GIS). Input data (elevation, soils, and landcover) were digital for the latter method. In contrast to previous studies, the GIS was ised for all phases of the modeling process, including watershed delineation and routing of runoff. A comparison between the two methods was consistent with results reported by others and indicates that the use of a GIS is an acceptable alternative to the conventional method for watersheds lacking relatively flat terrain. Given this limitation, the GIS method may prove advantageous over manual methods when study areas are large or numerous, runoff is modeled repetitively, alternative landcover scenarios are explored, or a digital database already exists for the study area.     

城市交通规划环境影响评价的特点和案例研究

探讨了城市交通规划环境影响评价的特点和要点，包括评价目标、范围、指标体系、技术工作程序与方法，并以《上海城市交通白皮书》的空气环境影响评价作为案例阐述其特点并运用幕景分析法，预测评价了白皮书对上海今后空气环境的影响，提出了纾缓影响的措施。     

旅游城市环境规划优化方法与应用研究(Ⅱ)昆明旅游圈环境规划优化

将IFMOPOMTCE该模型应用于昆明市旅游圈旅游环境规划优化的实例当中，取得了较为成功的效果，并采用情景分析和交互式调整的方法制定出两种方案。通过比较分析确定出适合昆明旅游业持续发展的最优发展方案，为决策者提供了科学的决策依据，从而证明了该模型的实用性和可操作性。     

Detection and delineation of critical areas using echelons and spatial scan statistics with synoptic cellular data

Geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation has become an important area of investigation both in geospatial ecosystem health and in geospatial public health. In order to find critical areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial ecosystem health investigations apply recently discovered echelon tools. In order to find elevated rate areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial public health investigations apply recently discovered spatial scan statistic tools. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a joint role for these together in the spirit of a cross-disciplinary cross-fertilization to accomplish more effective and efficient geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation, and early warning system.     

剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾协同厌氧发酵实现电能需求导向的沼气供应情景分析与仿真研究

探讨了将德国电能需求导向沼气供应模式应用于中国污水厂的剩余污泥和餐厨垃圾协同厌氧发酵系统,以实现根据污水厂电能需求即时调控沼气输出,从而提高沼气利用效率的目的.首先综述了电能需求导向的沼气供应模式在国内外的研究进展,在此基础上提出了一种新型的电能需求导向沼气供应模式实现情景,并利用系统动力学模型模拟了沼气生产及发电系统在此情景下的运行,通过系统的净现值作为观测指标与传统的实现情景进行对比以验证其经济性优势.最后,选取我国某污水厂为典型案例验证了本研究所提出模型,并总结了本研究的不足,为进一步研究奠定了基础.     

情景构建理论沿革及其对我国应急管理工作的启示

20世纪70年代,情景构建作为一种风险管理工具进入民防和应急管理实践者的视野,并逐步成为西方发达国家开展应急准备的核心策略,德国、英国、丹麦、荷兰等国家的风险评估规范均对情景构建这种方法给予了标准化要求。作为风险分析和应急准备工作的重要支撑策略,情景构建对我国当下的应急管理工作具有重要意义。首先,情景构建可以推进我国相关主体开展扎实的风险分析和风险沟通工作;其次,情景构建为相关主体提供了一种基于“风险”驱动的应急能力建设路径;最后,情景构建为当下改革阶段的应急管理机制建设提供了一种策略和方法。     

情景分析法预测西安市大气污染物排放总量

情景分析法是通过对经济、技术的重大演变提出各种关键假设,对可能的未来情景加以描述,并分析情景对目标产生影响的预测方法。文章以西安市为例,运用情景分析法分析了2020年3种不同情景下的大气污染物排放量。结果显示:3种情景下SO2、NOx的排放量依次减小,情景二和情景三模式下的SO2排放量均低于基准年,但3种情景下的NOx排放量均高于基准年。     

Variability in Three Finnish Integrated Acidification Models

Integrated assessment models have been used to support ofnegotiations for further emission reductions of acidifyingcompounds in Europe. More attention is being paid to theuncertainties in integrated models. Data from three Finnishintegrated acidification models were compiled to estimate thevariation and relative importance of different modules. Themodels included site-specific and regional dynamic simulationsand steady-state critical load calculations for forest soilsand lakes. The main emphasis was on the variability ofemissions and the uncertainties in ecosystem effects. Althoughmaximum technically feasible emission reduction measures cantheoretically result in very low deposition, the variabilitybetween realistic scenarios is rather restricted. Thevariability of deposition loading is largely determined byreductions in nearby emission sources. The dynamicsimulations, which are often based on detailed input data,seem to retain larger variability than steady-state criticalload approaches. This study suggests that the uncertainties ineffects seem to be larger generally than other modules ofintegrated acidification models. The results indicate the needfor further work on uncertainty analysis for integrated modelsand the availability of useful model systems for furtherconfirmation of ecosystem effects.     

Development of a SWAT Patch for Better Estimation of Sediment Yield in Steep Sloping Watersheds1

Abstract: The watershed scale Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model divides watersheds into smaller subwatersheds for simulation of rainfall‐runoff and sediment loading at the field level and routing through stream networks. Typically, the SWAT model first needs to be calibrated and validated for accurate estimation through adjustment of sensitive input parameters (i.e., Curve Number values, USLE P, slope and slope‐length, and so on). However, in some instances, SWAT‐simulated results are greatly affected by the watershed delineation and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) cell size. In this study, the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II was developed for steep sloping watersheds, and its performance was evaluated for various threshold values and DEM cell size scenarios when delineating subwatersheds using the SWAT model. The SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II was developed using the ArcView GIS Avenue program and Spatial Analyst libraries. The SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II improves upon the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch I because it reflects the topographic factor in calculating the field slope‐length of Hydrologic Response Units in the SWAT model. The simulated sediment value for 321 subwatersheds (watershed delineation threshold value of 25 ha) is greater than that for 43 subwatersheds (watershed delineation threshold value of 200 ha) by 201% without applying the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II. However, when the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II was applied, the difference in simulated sediment yield decreases for the same scenario (i.e., difference in simulated sediment with 321 subwatersheds and 43 subwatersheds) was 12%. The simulated sediment value for DEM cell size of 50 m is greater than that for DEM cell size of 10 m by 19.8% without the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II. However, the difference becomes smaller (3.4% difference) between 50 and 10 m with the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II for the DEM scenarios. As shown in this study, the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II can reduce differences in simulated sediment values for various watershed delineation and DEM cell size scenarios. Without the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II, variations in the SWAT‐simulated results using various watershed delineation and DEM cell size scenarios could be greater than those from input parameter calibration. Thus, the results obtained in this study show that the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II should be used when simulating hydrology and sediment yield for steep sloping watersheds (especially if average slope of the subwatershed is >25%) for more accurate simulation of hydrology and sediment using the SWAT model. The SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II is available at http://www.EnvSys.co.kr/~swat for free download.     

Assessing the socio-economic impacts of green/blue space,urban residential and road infrastructure projects in the Confluence (Lyon): a hedonic pricing simulation approach

Urban green/blue spaces are put under pressure as urban areas grow, develop and evolve. It is increasingly recognized, however, that green/blue spaces provide important ecosystem services, stimulate higher real estate prices and prevent flooding problems. This paper aims to assess and compare the socio-economic impacts of potential green/blue space, urban residential and road infrastructure development scenarios in the Lyon Confluence project area (France), using the Sustainable Urbanizing Landscape Development (SULD) hedonic pricing simulation model. Results show four major tendencies regarding the value-added of green/blue spaces in urban landscapes: (1) cities become more compact; (2) population densities increase; (3) real estate values rise; and (4) demographic distribution patterns change. The magnitude of these impacts depends, however, on the quality and size of the intervention, the social classes attracted to the intervention area and on the location of the intervention relative to existing residential areas, urban centres, road infrastructure and environmental amenities.