2205双相不锈钢在淡化海水中的点蚀行为

目的研究2205双相不锈钢在一级反渗透(RO)淡化海水、海水及浓缩海水中的点蚀行为。方法运用开路电位、交流阻抗、阳极极化曲线和电化学频率调制技术研究2205双相不锈钢在不同温度(60~90℃)及不同海水(一级反渗透淡化海水、天然海水、1.6倍浓缩海水)中的点蚀行为。结果 2205双相不锈钢在一级RO淡化海水中,随温度升高,自腐蚀电位逐渐负移。在80℃的一级RO淡化海水中,在浸泡1 d时即有发生点蚀的倾向,在第28 d时已经发生了稳态蚀点。浸泡初期不锈钢的扰动电流为2μA/cm~2之内,浸泡41 d的扰动电流接近12μA/cm~2,且其值波动幅度更大。结论随着温度的升高钝化膜稳定性降低,2205不锈钢耐蚀性降低。钝化状态下,其在一级RO淡化海水中比在海水中腐蚀严重,点蚀敏感性随Cl–浓度的升高而增加。     

应用于水处理的反渗透浓缩液处理和资源化技术综述

在反渗透技术中,浓缩液的处理是最关键的问题之一。随着反渗透技术在水处理上的广泛使用,浓缩液的处理和资源化利用已经成为急需解决的大问题。介绍了目前国内外处理浓缩液的方法,包括Fenton法、混凝一吸附法、膜法、蒸发法、浓缩液回灌和海水淡化浓缩液再利用。     

Surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticle with 4-triethoxysilylaniline to enhance seawater desalination properties of thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes

• Mesoporous silica nanoparticle was modified with 4-triethoxysilylaniline. • AMSN-based TFN-RO membranes were prepared for seawater desalination. • Water transport capability of the AMSN was limited by polyamide. • Polyamide still plays a key role in permeability of the TFN RO membranes. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), with higher water permeability than NaA zeolite, were used to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. However, only aminoalkyl-modified MSN and low-pressure (less than 2.1 MPa) RO membrane were investigated. In this study, aminophenyl-modified MSN (AMSN) were synthesized and used to fabricate high-pressure (5.52 MPa) RO membranes. With the increasing of AMSN dosage, the crosslinking degree of the aromatic polyamide decreased, while the hydrophilicity of the membranes increased. The membrane morphology was maintained to show a ridge-and-valley structure, with only a slight increase in membrane surface roughness. At the optimum conditions (AMSN dosage of 0.25 g/L), when compared with the pure polyamide RO membrane, the water flux of the TFN RO membrane (55.67 L/m²/h) was increased by about 21.6%, while NaCl rejection (98.97%) was slightly decreased by only 0.29%. However, the water flux of the membranes was much lower than expected. We considered that the enhancement of RO membrane permeability is attributed to the reduction of the effective thickness of the PA layer.     

Pesticide wastewater treatment using the combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell and Fenton process

• MEDCC combined with Fenton process was developed to treat real pesticide wastewater. • Pesticide removal was attributable to desalination in the MEDCC. • High COD removal was attributable to organic distributions in different chambers. The combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell (MEDCC) and Fenton process for the pesticide wastewater treatment was investigate in this study. Real wastewater with several toxic pesticides, 1633 mg/L COD, and 200 in chromaticity was used for the investigation. Results showed that desalination in the desalination chamber of MEDCC reached 78%. Organics with low molecular weights in the desalination chamber could be removed from the desalination chamber, resulting in 28% and 23% of the total COD in the acid-production and cathode chambers, respectively. The desalination in the desalination chamber and organic transfer contributed to removal of pesticides (e.g., triadimefon), which could not be removed with other methods, and of the organics with low molecular weights. The COD in the effluent of the MEDCC combined the Fenton process was much lower than that in the perixo-coagulaiton process (<150 vs. 555 mg/L). The combined method consumed much less energy and acid for the pH adjustment than that the Fenton.     

炉渣为包敷滤料的暗管排水中TDS含量变化特征

实验室模拟"浅密式"暗管排盐工艺,以炉渣为暗管包敷滤料,研究在补水淋溶和重力水下渗作用下,暗管排水中总溶解固体(TDS)含量及土壤含盐量变化特征。试验结果表明,暗管排水中TDS含量呈先快后慢的下降趋势,其累积分布曲线用y=aln(x)+b模型拟合时,具有很高的拟合度;土壤的淋溶脱盐效果与土壤初始含盐量、淋溶次数、排水TDS总量及包敷滤料等因素相关;淋溶次数为5次,采用高炉液态渣为包敷滤料,厚度15 cm,1 200 mm2/m规格的波纹塑料暗管铺设方式,脱盐率可达69%。该研究可为炉渣应用于暗管排盐工程提供技术支持。     

海水淡化装置内舱碳钢防护涂层寿命预测研究

目的获得海水淡化装置内舱碳钢防护涂层的耐热老化寿命。方法通过调整设备的温度及压力,模拟低温多效蒸发器半浸区工作环境,进行为期20个月的浸泡加速试验。以涂层的附着力随老化时间的变化情况、涂层颜色变化情况、涂层浸泡前后微观形貌和阻抗值为评判依据,在老化经验公式的基础上进行外推计算,进行涂层热老化寿命预测。结果该涂料在该区域经过20个月的挂片试验,涂层表面均未出现起泡、锈蚀、开裂、脱落等失效现象;表面色差变化趋势相对稳定;干态附着力为10.9 MPa,经过20个月的测试,附着力为8.95 MPa;0.01 Hz低频阻抗(|Z|0.01 Hz)条件下,其电化学交流阻抗值由浸泡前的1.8×10^8Ω·cm^2下降为浸泡后的7.9×10^6Ω·cm^2。涂层阻抗的数量级虽有所下降,但仍然具有较高的阻抗值,具有较好的保护性能。经过老化经验公式进行外推计算,预测海水淡化装置内舱碳钢防护涂层的热老化寿命为13.33年。结论海水淡化装置内舱防护涂料具有长寿命热老化重防腐作用。     

淮南矿区高矿化度矿井水淡化工艺实例

为充分利用水资源,提高矿井水回用率,淮南矿区谢桥煤矿对高矿化度矿井水进行淡化处理。根据现场运行数据、现场试验,简述了高矿化度矿井水应用反渗透(RO)工艺过程和淡化技术要领。工程运行结果表明:反渗透工艺在煤矿高矿化度矿井水淡化处理中产生了良好的经济、社会和环境效益。     

ON THE CAPACITY-EXPANSION OF DESALINATION PLANTS AND STORAGE TANKS1

ABSTRACT A mathematical programming model is structured to find the optimal time and capacity expansion path of desalination plants and storage tanks for a hypothetical community which depends on desalination as its sole, or major, water supply source. The objective is to determine the least costly combination of sues and times of installation (of both desalting plants and storage tanks) which can meet a rising water demand over a finite planning horizon. The optimality criterion used in the model is based on two major economic elements: the economies of scale inherent in such facilities and the time-value of money represented by the interest rate, the former favoring large capacities and the latter small capacities. The model is applied using three population growth patterns and two interest rates. The water demand components for every year in the planning period are computed using empirical formulas which are based on population and other basic data. The model is solved for each of the above cases with the aid of a computer program based on the method of feasible conjugate directions. The results clearly reflect the balance between the economies of scale and the time-value of money under every demand growth function.     

THE PRODUCTION OF WATER FROM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS: SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Liquid dominated geothermal systems are expected to account for most of the growth in geothermal energy production in the coming decades. Production of water from such systems could significantly augment fresh water supplies. The feasibility of water exploitation is clouded by potential problems related to seismic impacts, land subsidence and the composition of geothermal brines. If these problems can be overcome at little cost, desalination of brines may be feasible. Estimates of water production costs are presented for a variety of desalination technologies, plant sizes and brine water compositions. These estimates show that production costs will range from $139.10/A.F. to $436.00/A.F. at the plant boundary. Economies of scale and brine composition are important determinants of cost. Production costs are substantially in excess of the value of water in alternative uses. However, in certain unique situations, it may be efficient to desalt brines for use in upgrading the quality of municipal water, industrial process water and irrigation water. Unique situations aside, geothermal brines are not likely to provide an economical source of fresh water in the absence of striking changes in the patterns of supply and demand for water.     

炭黑流动电极的孔径分布对流动电极电容去离子脱盐性能的影响

流动电极电容去离子(flow electrode capacitive deionization,FCDI)主要依靠流动电极的电吸附来实现离子去除。而其中流动电极的孔径分布是影响FCDI的脱盐性能的重要因素。为此,选择4种具有高导电性的炭黑(carbon black,CB)作为流动电极,考察了流动电极的孔径分布对FCDI脱盐性能的影响。结果表明,在隔离闭合循环(isolated closed-cycle,ICC)模式下,脱盐性能与流动电极的比表面积呈正相关(r=0.918),并主要受介孔面积的影响。在单循环(single cycle,SC)模式下,FCDI的脱盐性能与介孔面积呈正相关(r=0.583),与微孔面积呈负相关(r=-0.725)。当使用介孔面积最大的炭黑作为流动电极时,离子在流动电极表面的解吸速率升高了53%,FCDI的脱盐率提高了702%。吸附-解吸实验结果表明,由于微孔存在尺寸小、吸附-解吸路径长等缺点,使被流动电极吸附的离子难以被快速解吸,从而抑制了在SC模式下流动电极的再生。介孔可强化FCDI在2种操作模式下的脱盐性能;而微孔却抑制了SC模式下的离子解吸,从而降低了FCDI的脱盐性能。以上研究结果可为流动电极的设计和选择提供参考。