深圳湾生态系统多环芳烃（PAHs）特征及其生态危害

2004年在深圳湾海域采集海水、悬浮物、表层沉积物和柱状沉积物样品,并分析其中15种多环芳烃的含量及其相关参数,同时采用210Pb法测定柱状沉积物的年龄.结果表明,海水、悬浮物、表层沉积物和柱状沉积物中总的PAHs含量分别为(69.4±24.7)ng·L-1、(429.1±231.8)ng·g-1、(353.8±128.1)ng·g-1和(321.1±134.6)ng·g-1,各介质优势组分均为菲、荧蒽和芘;1948～2004年期间,深圳湾柱状沉积物中PAH各单体的浓度总体上一直在增加,PAHs的平均沉积通量为89.9ng/(cm2·a);PAH各单体在沉积物/海水中的分配系数(Koc)与其相应的辛醇/水比(Kow)存在明显的正相关性,即可用PAH的Kow值来预测深圳湾海域PAH的Koc.目前,水体与沉积物中PAH含量对该海域的水生生物尚未构成威胁.     

The Fate in the Marine Environment of a Minor Diesel Fuel Spill from an Antarctic Research Station

Monitoring was undertaken of the fate in the marine environment of an accidental spill of diesel fuel (1000 litres) from Faraday Research Station, Galindez Island, Antarctica in March 1992. On the day after the incident concentrations in seawater reached a maximum of 540 µg 1-1 for n-alkanes and 222 µg 1-1 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). However, concentrations returned to local background levels within one week. The fuel had an immediate toxic effect on intertidal limpets in the local station area, and 100 animals were found dead the day after the spill. Surviving animals had elevated concentrations of both n-alkanes and PAH for over a month after the spill, reaching a maximum of 9960 µg kg-1 for n-alkanes and 90 µg kg-1 for PAH 30 days after the spill occurred. This was the result of accumulation from a residue of the diesel being flushed by rainwater into the littoral zone. Seven months after the spill concentrations of both n-alkanes and PAH in limpets living close to the station were still an order of magnitude greater than those found in animals at an uncontaminated control site. This is because limpets living in the littoral zone were continually exposed to chronic but low-level hydrocarbon contamination from station activities. The diesel spill itself had a very minor, localised and short-term impact on the Antarctic marine environment.     

MONITORING OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL HYDROCHEMICAL CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER UNDER THE CONTAMINATING EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES IN MERSIN REGION, TURKEY

The development of groundwater resources for water supply is a favored way in Turkey. The Berdan alluvial aquifer in Mersin is particularly productive, but little is known about the natural phenomena that govern the groundwater quality and the contamination sources in this region. During 2001 and 2002, water samples for chemical analysis were obtained from 27 wells and from two points of Berdan River and analyzed by ICP. Main chemical characteristics of sampled groundwater define two aquifers, which were also determined by hydrogeological investigations. The groundwater produced from some of the wells was affected by anthropogenic activities temporally and spatially by seawater intrusion. Berdan River is polluted with the wastewater discharges and river water also influences the groundwater quality.     

管线钢的海水微生物腐蚀

以海水环境中管线钢的微生物腐蚀(MIC)为中心,就国内外与其相关的报道进行综述分析,并提出建议。首先,分析了海水中导致管线钢腐蚀的主要微生物种类及其代谢过程的特点,得出海水中腐蚀微生物具有多样性特征,代谢途径受环境参数的影响。然后,分析了海水中微生物所致管线钢腐蚀机理的研究现状,得出管线钢MIC机理主要与细菌的代谢产物、代谢活动和生物膜的形成有关,突出不同环境下管线钢MIC的复杂性。再次,介绍了海水中管线钢MIC防治的研究现状,并分析了主要防护技术的优缺点。最后,提出对海水环境管线钢MIC研究工作的建议,包括建立海水管线钢腐蚀微生物种类数据库、大力研发绿色高效MIC控制技术、加强对海水管线钢MIC基础性研究工作的投入等。     

海滨垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率特性

为了解渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率特性及其与海水入侵所造成的电特性差异,指导海滨场地的污染探测,设计了黏土和砂土两种土壤,在水饱和情况下通入不同浓度的渗滤液,测量复电阻率的幅值和相位响应;在砂土中通入与渗滤液电阻率相同的模拟海水,对比海水入侵与渗滤液污染所造成的相位差异.结果表明:受渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率变化明显,0.1 Hz下被2%渗滤液（渗滤液体积占溶液总体积比例为2%）污染的土壤中,与背景值相比,黏土的幅值和相位分别降低了78%和70%,砂土的幅值和相位分别降低了66%和33%,且渗滤液浓度越高,幅值和相位的值就越小;而对于电阻率背景值较低的土壤（如海水入侵场地或地下水-海水交错带区域）,通入渗滤液后,其复电阻率参数没有明显变化.对比海水入侵与渗滤液污染,受渗滤液污染较轻的土壤的相位略高于海水入侵污染土壤,而当渗滤液浓度较高时,二者几乎没有区别.研究显示,正常条件下,复电阻率法对渗滤液污染的反映灵敏,有较好的指示意义,其参数变化主要与孔隙水中金属离子的含量和双电层极化有关;而在天然低电阻率背景条件下,渗滤液污染引起的电阻率变化很小,但相位变化较为明显,这种相位的变化有可能被识别出来.      

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定海水中氰化物的改进

本文对海水中氰化物的测定方法进行了补充和改进,提高了海水氰化物测定方法的精 密度和准确度。     

ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING IN THE USE OF MEMBRANE DESALINATION FOR BRACKISH SUPPLIES1

ABSTRACT: An analysis is undertaken to determine the conditions under which membrane desalination becomes an economically preferable alternative for treating brackish water supplies. While membrane desalination is more expensive than conventional treatment, it affords benefits beyond those of conventional processes by reducing salinity related damages. An important and largely unexplored issue regards how the added cost of desalination compares to its benefits in terms of damages avoided. A comparative analysis is undertaken over a range of scenarios with the objective of identifying the treatment technology the leads to the lowest “total economic cost,” a term described by the sum of costs related to supply, treatment, and salinity related damages. Using data from a representative region, desalination yields the lowest total economic cost for source waters that exceed “threshold” salinity concentrations below 1,000 mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS). In instances where standard conventional processes require upgrades to maintain compliance with pending regulations (e.g., disinfection byproducts), the cost gap between membrane and conventional processes is reduced and the threshold concentration lowered. Given the inherent uncertainty in both treatment cost and damage estimates, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine which factors have the greatest impact on the treatment decision. Results suggest that considering salinity related damages when selecting a treatment technology makes membrane desalination of brackish waters economically attractive under a wider range of circumstances.     

ECONOMICS OF CONTROLLING NATURAL SALT SOURCES IN THE ARKANSAS RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The methodology underlying, and the estimates incorporated in the Corps of Engineers' economic evaluation of the Arkansas River Basin Chloride Control Project are evaluated and judged deficient in several ways. An improperly specified alternative cost analysis probably results in overestimates of the total regional demand for water, the demand for Arkansas River Water, and the cost-savings realized with the project in place. The quantitative effect of these errors is not determined. However, other adjustments are identified which are evaluated using the Corps' data. These adjustments reduce B/C from 2.64 to 0.57; principally as a result of corrections for over-estimates of cost-savings in steam-electric generation, and for use of improper discounting procedures and gross output-earnings ratios.     

海洋中石油烃敏化光氧化反应研究进展

本文总结了激发三重态光敏剂及激发单重态氧分子引发的表层海水中石油烃光氧化反应的研究概况，介绍激发三重态光敏化剂引发的典型化合物的光氧化产物、反应机理，原油光氧化产物和表层海水中溶解石油烃成分及其氧化产物的分析等方面的研究成果。比较两类光氧化反应研究的优缺点，提出今后研究的方向。     

煤油—海水微乳（状液）形成的相图研究

体系由水或人工海水／煤油／表面活性剂（ＡＳ，ＣＴＡＢ，ＢＪＩＪ３５）／助表面活性剂（正丁醇）构成。研究４０℃时各表面活性剂，油及醇含量和海水盐度对微乳形成的影响。结果表明：３种表面活性剂中ＣＴＡＢ最易于形成微乳，在含煤油量≤５０％时皆与纯水或海水形成Ｏ／Ｗ，Ｗ／Ｏ和双连续结构的３种形式微乳区；对于ＡＳ，这种微乳连续区仅在含煤油≤２５％时出现，而对于ＢＲＩＪ３５，只在含煤油１０％时才出现。随含油量增