二龙山水库流域不同程度生态破坏对小气候要素的影响

根据森林生态系统破坏程度的不同,对二龙山水库流域进行区域划分,组织小气候观测,研究不同小区气温、相对湿度和风速的特征.分析结果表明,流域内不同程度生态破坏对小气候要素有显著的影响.      

生态环境潜在破坏研究综述

生态环境的潜在破坏是指在各种因素条件下，有可能产生的破坏。通过对生态环境的潜在破坏研究，可以在一定程度上进行积极预防，以减少损失。本文对生态环境潜在破坏从以下几方面进行研究：指标选取方法、指标权重的确定方法、潜在破坏程度的确定方法及等级划分、制图研究以及其他方面。     

Coping strategies developed as a result of social structure and conflict: Kosovo in the 1990s

The end of 1989 brought with it political and economic decisions which resulted in Kosovo being stripped of its autonomy and the Albanian population being expelled from their jobs. These facts combined with ethnic tensions created a decade of conflict and oppression affecting hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians. Thousands of Kosovars moved overseas to seek work to support families at home, altering the way of life of the population of Kosovo irredeemably. The loss of income had serious repercussions on food security throughout the 1990s; possibilities of purchasing food were diminished, control on goods in 1998 reduced availability of foodstuffs, conflict affected accessibility to markets and shops and consequently food intake and nutritional status was compromised. The most vulnerable were those who had no family members overseas. Mass displacement of population due to ethnic cleansing during the war of spring 1999, further jeopardised food security status. Destruction at this time rendered large parts of Kosovo useless and resulted in a shift in the determinant of vulnerability in the post-war period: destruction of houses, land, livestock and agricultural products as well as loss of family members, became a far more pertinent indicator of food insecurity. The strong and clear links between conflict, socio-economic issues and food security are highlighted and discussed in this paper.     

预处理破稳污泥木质纤维素并厌氧降解实验研究

剩余污泥中往往含有大量木质纤维素物质,其在厌氧消化过程中难以降解,最终残留于熟污泥中,这也是导致污泥有机物稳定并转化能源效率低下的主要原因之一.针对污泥中木质纤维素的结构稳定性,本实验选择酸、碱、热解及超声波4种预处理方式,采用适宜的条件预处理剩余污泥,在一定程度上破坏污泥中木质纤维素结构,继而进行污泥厌氧消化,获得了较好的木质纤维素降解率.同时,实验筛选出热解为最佳的预处理技术方式.在T=150℃与t=30 min预处理工况下,污泥在厌氧消化后最高可实现52.6%的木质纤维素降解率,主要归功于半纤维素和纤维素的大幅降解.相对未预处理污泥,预处理能有效促进木质纤维素类物质的厌氧消化,从而提高污泥有机质的能源转化率.     

Destruction of methylphosphonic acid in a supercritical water oxidation bench-scale double wall reactor

The destruction of methylphosphonic acid (MPA), a final product by hydrolysis/neutralization of organophosphorus agents such as sarin and VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothionate), was investigated in a a bench-scale, continuous concentric vertical double wall reactor under supercritical water oxidation condition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 450–600°C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa. Hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidant. The destruction e ciency (DE) was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) and MPA concentrations using ion chromatography on the liquid e uent samples. The results showed that the DE of MPA up to 99.999% was achieved at a reaction temperature of 600°C, oxygen concentration of 113% storichiometric requirement, and reactor residence time of 8 sec. On the basis of the data derived from experiments, a global kinetic rate equation for the DE of MPA and DE of TOC were developed by nonlinear regression analysis. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data.     

泥石流区桥墩损毁机制与控制研究

为了保证安全,泥石流多发区的道路常采用桥梁的方式通过。位于泥石流区的桥梁的桥墩在泥石流暴发时受到泥石流的冲击,常会造成不同程度的损毁。泥石流冲击力是泥石流区桥墩受到的主要荷载,目前在计算泥石流冲击力时一般将其视为均质体,但是泥石流为固液两相流体,因此得到的计算结果误差较大。为了提高精确度,本文对泥石流冲击力计算公式进行了修正,先分别运用动力学中的弹性碰撞理论和牛顿第二定律对泥石流固相和液相的冲击力进行计算,然后将其进行叠加,得到总的泥石流冲击力。泥石流区桥墩破坏的模式主要有冲击破坏、倾覆破坏和滑动破坏3种形式。为了减小泥石流对桥墩的破坏能,可在桥墩受到泥石流冲击的部位设置消能层,通过算例发现,设置消能层后冲击力减小了26.94%。     

电-Fenton法降解TNT弹药销毁废水

2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)弹药销毁废水的色度高、毒性大、不易生化降解。采用电Fenton法降解TNT弹药销毁废水。研究了电压(U)、极板间距(D)、初始p H、H2O2投加量(M)、n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)摩尔比及反应时间(T)对废水COD去除率的影响;优化了反应条件:在U=8 V,D=1 cm,初始p H=3,M(H2O2)=0.0916 mol/L,n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)=1∶30,T=4 h的条件下,废水的COD去除率大于86%,出水的其余指标如色度、氨氮、p H、TNT含量等各指标经国标法测量均达标。通过对反应动力学方程的分析,得出该实验基本符合二级反应动力学。该法操作简单实用,是处理该废水行之有效的方法。     

地震与环境生态

基于地震环境生态破坏的实际资料,我们讨论了以下的问题;（1）从Ⅸ度地震烈度开始就会引起环境生态的破坏;（2）初步划分Ⅸ－Ⅻ度情况下地地震对环境生态破坏程度;（3）得出了在发生6．7级－8．5级地震时环境生态破坏的面积;（4）提出了地震引起环境生态破坏的恢复和补救对策。     

温度变化对水泥土强度特性和破坏性状的影响

为研究温度对水泥土强度和破坏性状的影响,选用粘土和粉土这两种素土制成水泥土试样,分别在25°C±2°C、10°C±2°C和0°C±2°C的温度下进行养护,随后测试各龄期试样的单轴抗压强度,并观测各试样的破坏特征。研究表明:随着龄期的增长,温度变化对峰值应变的影响在减小;龄期较短(1~5天)时,水泥土单轴抗压强度对温度变化不敏感,在龄期7~40天,提高养护温度,水泥土单轴抗压强度显著增大;随着温度的升高,水泥土强度显著提高,但增长的趋势越来越缓慢;低温情况下水泥粘土的强度都比水泥粉土低,而一旦提高温度,水泥粘土的强度便超过水泥粉土;较低温度下养护的水泥土表现出比较明显的脆性破坏,迅速产生裂缝。     

Mitigation translocation as a management tool

Mitigation translocation is a subgroup of conservation translocation, categorized by a crisis-responsive time frame and the immediate goal of relocating individuals threatened with death. However, the relative successes of conservation translocations with longer time frames and broader metapopulation- and ecosystem-level considerations have been used to justify the continued implementation of mitigation translocations without adequate post hoc monitoring to confirm their effectiveness as a conservation tool. Mitigation translocations now outnumber other conservation translocations, and understanding the effectiveness of mitigation translocations is critical given limited global conservation funding especially if the mitigation translocations undermine biodiversity conservation by failing to save individuals. We assessed the effectiveness of mitigation translocations by conducting a quantitative review of the global literature. A total of 59 mitigation translocations were reviewed for their adherence to the adaptive scientific approach expected of other conservation translocations and for the testing of management options to continue improving techniques for the future. We found that mitigation translocations have not achieved their potential as an effective applied science. Most translocations focused predominantly on population establishment- and persistence-level questions, as is often seen in translocations more broadly, and less on metapopulation and ecosystem outcomes. Questions regarding the long-term impacts to the recipient ecosystem (12% of articles) and the carrying capacity of translocation sites (24% of articles) were addressed least often, despite these factors being more likely to influence ultimate success. Less than half (47%) of studies included comparison of different management techniques to facilitate practitioners selecting the most effective management actions for the future. To align mitigation translocations with the relative success of other conservation translocations, it is critical that future mitigation translocations conform to an established experimental approach to improve their effectiveness. Effective mitigation translocations will require significantly greater investment of time, expertise, and resources in the future.