Influence of activated carbon amendment on the accumulation and elimination of PCBs in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

In this study we investigated the use of activated carbon (AC) as a soil amendment for reducing bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Artificial soil was contaminated with PCBs and used in bioaccumulation experiments fresh or after aging for 19 months. PCB bioaccumulation in earthworms was reduced by 68% when AC was placed as a layer without mixing and by 94% when AC was manually mixed into the soil. Aging of the same AC mixed soil for 19 months resulted in an overall reduction of 99% in PCB biouptake. AC-treated aged soil also showed two orders of magnitude lower equilibrium aqueous concentrations of PCBs compared to untreated aged soils. The findings from this study indicate that application of engineered sorbents like AC to PCB impacted soils may greatly reduce PCB uptake at the base of the terrestrial food chain.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls-containing electrical insulating oil contaminated soil treatment with calcium and magnesium peroxides

Calcium and magnesium peroxides were applied for the treatment of soil contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls-containing electrical insulating oil (Aroclor 1016). The removal of PCB-containing electrical insulating oil was achieved with the addition of either calcium peroxide or magnesium peroxide alone and dependent on dosages of the chemical. A 21-d treatment of 60% watered soil with the moderate addition (chemical/oil weight ratio of 0.005/1) of either calcium peroxide or magnesium peroxide resulted in nearly complete (96 ± 2%) oil removal, unsubstantial increase in soil pH and almost no changes in oxygen consumption and dehydrogenase activity, making it suitable for the soil decontamination.     

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in water from US Lake Ontario tributaries between 2004 and 2008

Research on the environmental fate and transport of PCBs in Lake Ontario basin depends, among other aspects, on the availability of representative data sets for upstream sources, but data are lacking for most US Lake Ontario tributaries. In this study, water samples were collected between September 2004 and October 2008 from five tributaries and were analyzed for 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) with high-resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) following EPA Method 1668A. Total PCB concentrations ranged between 0.31 and 42.75 ng L⁻¹. Congeners between Di and Hexa PCBs accounted between 70 and 99% of the total PCB. The tributary with highest PCB concentrations presented similar pattern and percentage levels to Aroclor 1242. Total average loads for the sampling events ranged between 1.85 g d⁻¹ and 59.08 g d⁻¹. PCB concentrations were evaluated against other variables and other studies (including different matrices) to better understand their transport. The methodology used is reliable to assess PCB contamination in surface water.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of Yueqing Bay, Xiangshan Bay, and Sanmen Bay in East China Sea

The spatial distribution and source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 30 surface sediments of Yueqing Bay, Xiangshan Bay, and Sanmen Bay in Eastern China were analysed. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 9.33 to 19.60 ng g⁻¹ dry weight for all the sampling stations. The observed PCB levels were lower than those in areas of high urbanisation or contamination in the bay. Low-chlorinated PCBs, dominated by tri-PCB, were identified as the prevalent contaminate of surface sediments, and the top three PCB congeners were lighter chlorinated congeners (PCB 8, PCB 18 and PCB 28). These results were in agreement with the fact that tri-PCB compounds are the dominant contaminants in China. The result of the principal component analysis revealed that all samples were similar in composition to Aroclor 1242, suggesting they might originate from electrical capacitors and transformers. The levels of PCBs were significantly correlated with the total organic carbon in the sediments.     

气相色谱法测定水体中多氯联苯Aroclor系列

采用液液萃取—气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定水体中多氯联苯Aroclor系列Aroclor1016、Aroclor1221、Aroclor1232、Aroclor1242、Aroclor1248、Aroclor1254、Aroclor1260。样品经正己烷溶剂萃取,再经全自动样品浓缩仪(EVA)浓缩萃取液至1 mL,供气相色谱仪测定,外标法定量,加标回收率在75%~110%之间,检出限为0.1μg/L。该方法采用双塔双柱双检测器,排除了误检和其他物质的干扰,保证了分析结果的可靠性,方法简单、灵敏、准确。     

SBSE-TDU-GC/MS法同步测定饮用水源水中16种多溴联苯化合物

通过对萃取和解吸条件进行优化,实现搅拌棒吸收萃取(SBSE)-热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用以同时测定饮用水源水中16种多溴联苯单体。此法在2~50 ng/L范围内线性良好,取10 m L水样,搅拌棒吸收萃取1 h后,16种多溴联苯单体的检出限为0.5~1.1 ng/L。对实际水样进行2个质量浓度的加标回收,平均回收率为89.2%~102%。     

电子废物拆解区河流沉积物中多氯联苯的污染水平、分布及来源

用GC-μECD分析法测定了浙江台州路桥河流表层沉积物中144种多氯联苯同类物的含量.目的是了解该地区河流沉积物中PCBs的污染水平、空间分布特征和可能来源.结果表明,在路桥区河流沉积物样品中PCBs同类物均有不同程度检出,ΣPCBs的浓度范围1.66～5 930 ng.g-1,均值为763 ng.g-1.样品组成以tri-CBs、tetra-CBs和penta-CBs为主,含量百分比范围分别为2.63%～57.6%、10.4%～54.6%和7.82%～46.1%;octa-CBs和deca-CB含量最低,含量百分比范围分别为0～8.57%和0～11.0%.聚类分析表明,22个样品的污染与Ar1248有关,9个样品的污染与Ar1254有关;6个样品的污染与Ar1016、Ar1232和Ar1242有关.与国内外其它研究及相关环境质量标准相比,该区域表层沉积物PCBs污染处于中高水平,具有较高的生态风险.     

我国西北工业区城市大气多氯联苯来源及健康风险

采用大气被动采样器观测了我国西北城市皋兰的城区和工业集中区2018年非取暖季和取暖季大气中18种多氯联苯（PCBs）的浓度及污染特征,并利用主成分分析、轨迹模型以及呼吸暴露模型对其污染来源和传输迁移、人群健康风险进行分析和评价.研究区大气PCBs浓度为110.2~429.9 pg·m^-3,平均污染程度工业园区较高;PCBs组成以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,并且取暖季四氯联苯所占比重明显上升.PCBs污染源以燃烧和工业热过程源、含PCBs电气设备源和PCBs混合源为主,燃烧和工业热过程源污染贡献高于其他污染源,污染贡献达到40.8%;研究区PCBs污染可能在较大程度上受到UP-PCBs排放的影响.轨迹分析表明研究区PCBs可能会通过大气输送至兰州城区;非取暖季研究区可能主要受局地污染的影响,而取暖季则可能会受到西北方向PCBs的污染输入.健康风险评价显示各年龄段人群大气PCBs暴露的非致癌风险水平较低,但终生致癌风险已超过10^-6水平.燃烧和热过程源PCBs排放对居民PCBs暴露有较强影响,且居民长期的PCBs呼吸暴露可能会对其健康产生不利影响.     

几种可能来源对广东某地空气中二(口恶)英的影响

采用高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱法（HRGC/HRMS）对广东某地生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气及周边环境空气和可能来源的环境空气中17种二英进行了分析.讨论了所有样品中同系物、主要毒性贡献体的特性.并运用主成分和聚类分析法,探究了焚烧厂周边监测点位与焚烧厂排放烟气及可能来源的关系.结果表明周边空气中二英浓度低于焚烧厂烟道气,且不受主导风向的影响.在调查基础上,推断轮胎厂及露天焚烧为可能污染源.轮胎厂二英浓度均低于上风向监测点,露天焚烧空气中二英高于厂界外监测点.对各同类物百分比分析可知,烟道气和所有空气中主要同类物为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,但空气中同类物还包括OCDF;焚烧厂周边监测点与轮胎厂空气中二英单体百分浓度相似,烟气与露天焚烧中二英单体分布相似.进一步研究表明所有空气样品中单体1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF与总毒性当量浓度的线性相关系数分别为0.95和0.75,相关性较强.主成分分析及聚类分析表明垃圾焚烧厂对周边空气产生影响,轮胎厂对上风向产生影响,露天焚烧对厂界影响较小.     

Detailed study on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in Yusho rice oil

One bottle of Yusho rice oil was obtained from a Yusho family in 1998. The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the causal oil were investigated with two different approaches and the individual concentrations of all the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F and 14 coplanar PCB (Co-PCB) congeners were elucidated for the first time. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs were found to be 0.60 and 8.8 ppm, respectively. For PCBs, more than 130 PCB peaks were observed and a total concentration of 850 ppm including 170 ppm of Co-PCBs was obtained. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Co-PCBs were calculated to be 17, 470, and 120 ppb, respectively. The relative contribution of these classes to the total TEQ in Yusho oil is 3%, 77%, and 20%, respectively, indicating that PCDFs play a major role in the toxicity of Yusho oil. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF contributes 58% to the total TEQ, supporting the view that this compound is the principal causal agent in Yusho poisoning. It is noteworthy that the most toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD was newly discovered, although it contributes only 0.1% to the total TEQ. Based on our data, the smallest TEQ intake during the latent period was estimated to be 0.067 mg for Yusho patients. This value is about 60% of that previously reported, suggesting a lower minimum threshold level for the development of the toxic symptoms of Yusho.